Open source: the Russian experience (legislation and practice)

The emergence of so-called free or open-source software and the growth of its economic importance in various industries make questions regarding the legal status of free/open-source licenses especially important. In December 2010, new draft amendments to the Civil Code were published, introducing new concepts in order to reflect the ideas pursued by these types of licenses. This article analyzes existing problems with the legal status of free/open-source licenses, whether proposed amendments may solve them, and what risks they may create. Since Russia is among the first countries trying to include provisions on free/open-source licenses in its legislation, such analysis may be of interest to foreign lawmakers since the concept of open source is universal all over the world.     

An experimental study on HC290 and a commercial liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mix as suitable replacements for HCFC22

This paper presents an experimental study on the performance of hydrocarbon refrigerants, namely propane and a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mix as suitable replacements for the widely used refrigerant HCFC22 in refrigeration and heat pump applications. A cylinder of commercially available LPG from New Zealand market was obtained for this study. The composition of the specific LPG mix (by mass fraction) was propane (HC290)—98.95%, ethane (HC170)—1.007%, iso-butane (HC600a)—0.0397% and other constituents in small proportions. Experiments were carried out in a laboratory heat pump test facility with maximum condenser capacity of approximately 15 kW. Condensing temperatures were held constant at 35, 45 and 55°C, while evaporating temperatures were varied over a wide range from − 15 to + 15°C. All tests were carried out at constant degree of superheat (about 1 K) and subcooling (about 8 K). All appropriate precautions were observed against any leaks or fire.The analysis revealed that the hydrocarbon refrigerants performed better than HCFC22 but with a small loss of condenser capacity. The mass flow rate and compressor discharge temperature were found to be significantly lower than HCFC22. The performance of the specific LPG mix tested was found to be better than HC290 at higher condensing temperatures but poorer at a lower condensing temperature. No adverse effects were found with the LPG mix despite the presence of little moisture (less than 0.01%) in its composition. The study reveals that LPG of the tested composition (i.e. predominantly a mixture of propane, ethane and iso-butane) can be an excellent refrigerant in heat pump/refrigeration applications.     

MC-ICP-MS测量Ru同位素丰度比值的质量歧视校正

采用MC-ICP-MS测量Ru同位素丰度比时,存在较大的质量偏倚。利用IsoprobeMC-ICP-MS测量了RuCl3中Ru同位素丰度比值,并利用幂、指数以及通用幂校正规律(GPL)对Ru同位素丰度比值测量的质量偏倚进行了校正。结果表明,以100Ru/102Ru、104Ru/102Ru作为内标,采用GPL校正质量偏倚,得到的Ru同位素丰度更接近于天然值,与天然值的偏差在(20～650)×10-6之间。     

Grammar‐driven generation of domain‐specific language debuggers

Domain‐specific languages (DSLs) assist a software developer (or end‐user) in writing a program using idioms that are similar to the abstractions found in a specific problem domain. Tool support for DSLs is lacking when compared with the capabilities provided for standard general‐purpose languages (GPLs), such as Java and C++. For example, support for debugging a program written in a DSL is often non‐existent. The lack of a debugger at the proper abstraction level limits an end‐user's ability to discover and locate faults in a DSL program. This paper describes a grammar‐driven technique to build a debugging tool generation framework from existing DSL grammars. The DSL grammars are used to generate the hooks needed to interface with a supporting infrastructure constructed for an integrated development environment that assists in debugging a program written in a DSL. The contribution represents a coordinated approach to bring essential software tools (e.g. debuggers) to different types of DSLs (e.g. imperative, declarative, and hybrid). This approach hides from the end‐users the accidental complexities associated with expanding the focus of a language environment to include debuggers. The research described in this paper addresses a long‐term goal of empowering end‐users with development tools for particular DSL problem domains at the proper level of abstraction without depending on a specific GPL. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于GPL模型的仿生爬壁机器人路径规划

为了研究基于GPL模型的仿生爬壁机器人路径规划问题,提出了一种适合GPL模型的路径规划方法。首先对基于GPL模型的爬壁机器人进行了简单介绍,通过对GPL模型进行运动学、静力学分析,研究了该构型攀爬运动时机器人路径对攀爬能力的影响;其次,基于足端力最优得到了GPL模型腰关节的运动曲线,实现了路径规划;最后,采用ADAMS仿真验证了分析结果的正确性。结果表明,该方法可以解决基于GPL模型的爬壁机器人路径规划问题,同时研究结果也揭示了壁虎等生物原型采用摆动爬行而不是直线爬行的运动合理性。     

有向几何编程在数控系统中的实现

在数控加工中,G代码描述的零件加工过程不够直观.为了解决这个问题,提出采用有向几何编程语言GPL(geometric programming language)来辅助G代码进行编程,使得编程变得简单直观.设计了GPL语法规则,并依据GPL语法规则设计实现了GPL解释器,提出一种计算检测码的方法对GPL语法进行检查,创建关键字的属性值表以支持检测码的计算.该方法使GPL语法规则容易扩展,便于解释器的二次开发.采用位运算方法进行参数的冲突检测,增强语法分析器的可扩展性,提高分析速度和效率.     

Linux操作系统纵览

介绍了Ｌｉｎｕｘ的特点和当前流行的发行版本,并从服务器和客户端的角度将它分别与ＷｉｎｄｏｗｓＮＴ和Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ９５／９８作了比较,同时指出,Ｌｉｎｕｘ将成为Ｕｎｉｘ类操作系统中低档服务器和客户机方面同Ｍｉｃｒｏｓｏｆｔ争夺市场的强劲对手。     

跨平台UI构架助力移动与桌面设备互联

后PC时代的市场要求设备之间更广泛的互联互通性,这也成为在嵌入式软件市场发展的主要趋势。在跨平台的潮流中,不管是在桌面系统还是在嵌入式系统,或者不同品牌的设备,都需要跨平台的构架来实现更低的成本和更好的用户体验。     

海带硫酸多糖蛋白复合物的气相色谱分析

为开发海洋资源,对海带有效成分海带硫酸多糖蛋白复合物(glycocalyx of sulfated polysaccharide from Lami-naria japonica,GPL)的结构组成进行分析。GPL为本实验室制备,经检测GPL中硫酸基含量为29.12%,总糖27.8%,蛋白质12.69%。通过衍生化处理,然后采用气相色谱仪分析该多糖蛋白复合物的单糖组成。结果表明GPL是主要有岩藻糖聚合而成的复合物,另外含有甘露糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖和木糖等。     

Linux文件系统解析与模拟

相比Windows操作系统而言,原代码开放、自由免费、支持SWP和NUMA体系结构,支持平台最多的Linux操作系统自1991年诞生以来,便具有无可取代的优势,目前广泛应用于嵌入式系统和服务器上。同时其多用户多任务的特性可以为用户量身定做适合的功能,从而灵活应用在各种场合。虽然在早期系统中用户界面方面不如Windows操作方便,主要采用字符界面键入命令,但现在的系统大多数也采用图形化界面深受用户喜爱。文件系统是Linux的一个突出特色,本文以Linux的典型文件系统ext2为例,介绍该文件系统的组成及工作原理,同时设计了简单的模拟实现文件系统简单的功能。