Electrochemical determination of imidacloprid using nanosilver Nafion/nanoTiO2 Nafion composite modified glassy carbon electrode

A novel biocompatible environment friendly nanosilver Nafion^®/nanoTiO₂ Nafion^® modified glassy carbon electrode was prepared by a simple procedure and characterized. This modified electrode was used as a sensing electrode for the detection of imidacloprid. Cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and amperometry were used in this work. The reduction potential of imidacloprid on this electrode is lower compared to other electrodes reported in the literature. The LOD and LOQ values obtained for the sensing of imidacloprid on this modified electrode are comparable to the values reported in the literature.     

Photocatalytic treatment of water-soluble pesticides by photo-Fenton and TiO2 using solar energy

The technical feasibility and performance of photocatalytic degradation of four water-soluble pesticides (diuron, imidacloprid, formetanate and methomyl) have been studied at pilot scale in two well-defined systems of special interest because natural-solar UV light can be used: heterogeneous photocatalysis with titanium dioxide and homogeneous photocatalysis by photo-Fenton. The pilot plant is made up of compound parabolic collectors (CPCs) specially designed for solar photocatalytic applications. Experimental conditions allowed disappearance of pesticide and degree of mineralisation achieved in the two photocatalytic systems to be compared. In order to assure that the photocatalytic results are consistent, hydrolysis and photolysis tests have been performed with the four pesticides. The initial concentration tested with imidacloprid, formetanate and methomyl was 50 and 30 mg/l with diuron, and the catalyst concentrations were 200 mg/l and 0.05 mM with TiO₂ and iron, respectively. Total disappearance of the parent compounds and 90% mineralisation have been attained with all pesticides tested, methomyl being the most difficult to be degraded with both treatments. First-order rate constants, initial rate, time necessary for mineralising 90% of the initial TOC and hydrogen peroxide consumption were calculated in all cases, enabling comparison both of treatments and of the selected pesticide reactivity.     

Ag nanoparticles-polypyrrole-carbon black/mesoporous TiO2 novel nanocomposite as ultrafast visible-light-driven photocatalyst

Effective design and fabrication of novel visible light-oriented photocatalysts is an existing challenging task that requires further dedicated efforts, and it has been always a main concern among the scientific community. This study deals with the design and fabrication of an extremely active and ultrafast ternary photocatalyst based on Ag nanoparticles, polypyrrole doped carbon black (PPy-C) and mesoporous TiO₂ (m-TiO₂). Sol-gel methodology along with sonication and photodeposition routes have been employed for the successful creation of the ternary framework. Ternary photocatalyst composed of uniform spherical titania nanoparticles (10–15 nm in size) perfectly intermingled with the polymeric linkage of PPy-C. Fruitful creation of unique trio photocatalyst between AgNPs, PPy-C and m-TiO₂ was confirmed by XPS and XRD. FTIR analysis further supports the development of nanocomposite photocatalyst. TEM analysis showed uniform spherical m-TiO₂ nanoparticles (10–15 nm in size) covered by PPy-C with compact nodes like appearance interlocked very well among each other. The newly developed Ag@PPy-C/m-TiO₂ ternary photocatalyst exhibited band gap energy in desired visible range of spectra. The photocatalytic efficiency for all created photocatalysts has been evaluated taking Imidacloprid (insecticide derivative) and methylene blue (MB) dye as target pollutants. The novel Ag@PPy-C/m-TiO₂ photocatalyst produced astonishing results with ultrafast removal of both Imidacloprid as well MB dye under visible light irradiation. The newly created ultrafast Ag@PPy-C/m-TiO₂ photocatalyst has removed 96.0% of the insecticide Imidacloprid in only 25 min with almost ? 2.65 times more efficient than bare m-TiO₂ towards the removal of insecticide derivative. The present report offers a highly encouraging and vastly talented Ag@PPy-C/m-TiO₂ ternary photocatalyst, enabling the ideal management of extremely lethal and notorious chemicals.     

吡虫啉在土壤中的降解动力学研究

在实验室条件下，研究了吡虫啉在4种土壤中的降解动态。结果发现，吡虫啉在浙江土壤中降解最快T0.5为10．3d，在江西红壤中降解最慢T0.5为12．9d。土壤有机质含量和农药浓度对吡虫啉在土壤中降解有一定影响，土壤有机质含量越高降解越快，反之亦然。此外微生物对吡虫啉在土壤中的降解起了主要作用。     

Imidacloprid oxidation by photo-Fenton reaction

This paper presents experimental results on the imidacloprid removal from wastewater using homogeneous photo-Fenton reactions illuminated with black light lamps. Multivariate experimental design was used to identify the effect of initial Fe(II) and H₂O₂ concentrations on process performance. The initial iron concentration played a key role in the process kinetics, whereas hydrogen peroxide concentration directly affected the extent of the oxidation process.

Imidacloprid degradation proceeded via two distinctive kinetics regimes, an initial stage of rapid imidacloprid reduction, followed by a slower oxidation process until complete removal. Under optimal conditions, more than 50% imidacloprid degradation was observed after less than 1 min treatment, and TOC and COD removal up to 65% and 80%, respectively, were measured after all hydrogen peroxide was consumed.

Raw imidacloprid samples presented significant acute toxicity to Daphnia magna and genotoxic effects on Bacillus subtilis sp. Such toxic effects remained detectable even after significant pesticide removal had been achieved, due to the presence of toxic by-products. Both acute toxicity and genotoxicity disappeared after considerable mineralization resulting in final low molecular weight by-products. Results obtained here confirm that design and operation of photo-Fenton processes should focus on toxicity removal rather than on specific target pollutants.     

蔬菜中残留吡虫啉的提取净化和分析方法

文中系统综述近年来蔬菜中残留吡虫啉的提取和纯化以及分析方法,所遴选的这些方法具有简便、快速、准确等特点,各项技术指标均能满足残留检测的要求。     

^60Coγ射线辐照降解吡虫啉稀水溶液

采用^60Coγ射线辐照降解吡虫啉稀水溶液,并对辐照前后的水样进行高效液相色谱（HPLC）、离子色谱（IC）和高效液相色谱-质谱联用（HPLC—MS）等检测。实验结果表明,吡虫啉的降解率随吸收剂量的增大而不断增大,当吸收剂量为1．56kGy时,降解率达到100％;吡虫啉的辐照降解产物包括Cl^-1、NO2、NO3-和NH4^＋四种无机产物,2-chloro-5-imidazol-1-ylmethyl-pyridine、1-（6-chloro-pyridin-3-ylmethyl）-1,3-dihydro—imidazol-2-ylideneamine、单羟基化吡虫啉和双羟基化吡虫啉4种有机产物。强氧化性的·OH容易进攻吡虫啉分子中的C=N键、N-N键、C—Cl键以及亚甲基中的C—H键。     

不同地区烟蚜对药剂的反应及其羧酸酯酶活性

测定了吡虫啉和氧化乐果对福建三明和安徽合肥地区烟蚜的毒力,并研究了两地烟蚜的羧酸酯酶活力、米氏常数和最大反应速度。结果表明:吡虫啉对两个地区烟蚜的生物活性远高于氧化乐果,三明地区烟蚜对两种药剂的敏感性均低于合肥地区的烟蚜,种群毒力方程的b值也低于合肥烟蚜,烟蚜存在一定的异质性。两地烟蚜的羧酸酯酶活性、米氏常数和最大反应速度差异不显著。     

Effect of operating parameters on the testing of new industrial titania catalysts at solar pilot plant scale

A new granulated version of the well-known P-25 titanium dioxide (VP AEROPERL^® P-25/20 (Aeroperl)) has been tested to determine whether its photocatalytic efficiency is good enough for use in photocatalytic water purification and to find out if it can be separated from water more easily than its well-known homologue, powdered Degussa P-25, a significant technical improvement that might eliminate the tedious final filtration necessary with a slurry. Furthermore, a new commercial catalyst (PC-100 from Millennium Inorganic Chemicals), having a surface area and structure that are both different from Degussa P-25, has also been studied. All the experiments were carried out in sunlight in the pilot compound parabolic collector (CPC) plant at the Plataforma Solar de Almería. Three different substrates were chosen as model molecules for this study: dichloracetic acid, phenol and the pesticide imidacloprid. Results show that Degussa Aeroperl is not a good alternative to powdered Degussa P-25 because of its spontaneous sedimentation during photocatalysis. Millennium PC-100 efficiency seems to be in the same range as that of Degussa P-25. In this work we also attempt to demonstrate that the comparison of efficiencies of different photocatalysts is not a trivial matter. Many factors are involved and interfere in the testing of photocatalyst behaviour during the degradation of a contaminant. A thorough comparison of photocatalyst activity should include reactions with several different substrates under varied experimental conditions.     

水培油麦菜对吡虫啉的降解研究

吡虫啉是一种低毒新型烟碱类杀虫剂,具有触杀、渗透、胃毒和内吸等多种杀虫方式,与其他杀虫剂没有交互抗性。本实验利用水培油麦菜降解吡虫啉,并对降解规律进行了研究,吡虫啉含量用高效液相色谱法检测。实验结果表明:(1)在水培蔬菜生长的嫩芽期,吡虫啉能够被降解,但是降解非常缓慢;(2)在水培油麦菜的生长期和衰老期,吡虫啉的降解快速下降最后趋于平缓;(3)水培蔬菜生长的不同时期对吡虫啉降解的能力不同,水培油麦菜在生长期和衰老期对营养液中吡虫啉的降解能力要强于嫩芽期。