关于引入劳动力市场价位的思考

引入劳动力市场价位是企业薪酬制度改革的必然趋势。系统研究和分析了劳动力市场价位的基本特征;提出企业在引入劳动力市场价位过程中应该遵循的基本原则。     

Energy pricing policies in developing countries

Government energy pricing policies have multiple and often conflicting objectives: economic efficiency, government revenues (for both parastatal supply companies and the treasury), maintenance or improvement of income distribution, promotion of particular sectors (such as industrial exporters and local resource development) demand management and security of supply. It is important to examine the impacts on and the trade-offs between these objectives resulting from alternative policies in order to assist in policy selection. This article discusses the more important objectives and their conflicts and outlines an approach for the quantitative examination of alternative policies.     

Hydro-economic Modeling in River Basin Management: Implications and Applications for the European Water Framework Directive

Economic ideas and processes are becoming increasingly integrated with more traditional engineering and hydrologic models of water management problems. Combining economic management concepts and performance indicators with an engineering-level of understanding of a hydrologic system can provide results and insights more directly relevant for water management decisions and policies. When such models are developed and used with involvement of stakeholders, they can become a basis for shared understanding of water problems as a foundation for negotiated management and policy solutions. When implemented with optimization software, integrated hydro-economic models also can suggest promising innovative solutions for policy-makers to consider. Their applications to river basin management problems are reviewed. Economic and integrated economic-engineering-hydrologic modeling is then discussed in the context of the evolving European Water Framework Directive. Relevant items are cost recovery and water pricing, cost-effectiveness of water management measures, and public participation in decision processes.     

A real-time road pricing system: The case of a two-link parallel network

A real-time road pricing system in the case of a two-link parallel network is proposed in this paper. The system that is based on a combination of Dynamic Programming and Neural Networks makes “on-line” decisions about road toll values. In the first phase of the proposed model, the best road toll sequences during certain time period are calculated off-line for many different patterns of vehicle arrivals. These toll sequences are computed using Dynamic Programming approach. In the second phase, learning from vehicle arrival patterns and the corresponding optimal toll sequences, neural network is trained. The results obtained during on-line tests are close to the best solution obtained off-line assuming that the arrival pattern is known.     

全面实施工程量清单计价之我见

随着国家《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》及各省计价依据的颁布,工程量清单计价工作已在全国开始实行,但实施的深度和广度不够。作者从管理角度,就如何全面实施工程量清单,对造价管理部门和招投标管理机构相关工作的完善阐述了几点建议和意见。     

面向技术创新机遇组建虚拟企业与兼并行为的比较分析

以技术创新机遇为例分析了核心企业选择实现市场机遇的战略模式的决策过程，并给出核心企业选择实现市场机遇的战略模式的决策模型。在模型中考虑了核心企业组建虚拟企业的一个重要目的就是快速地实现市场机遇，因此在提出的决策模型中引入了时间因素。研究结果表明，当市场机遇生命周期较长时，核心企业采取兼并策略优于组建虚拟企业，反之组建虚拟企业更有利。最后提出采用期权定价模型来判断组建虚拟企业的价值，并举例说明。     

Analysing the Diversity of Water Pricing Structures: The Case of France

This paper presents the results of a 2003 national survey of urban water pricing structure implemented by 429 district level water utilities. After providing some background elements on the diversity of existing water pricing structures, the paper shows how each structure can be used to achieve different management objectives (water allocation efficiency, costs recovery, and equity). It then describes the structures adopted by French water utilities, showing that flat rate are rarely adopted; declining blocks frequently used; and increasing blocks pricing which should be used to promote water use efficiency remain extremely rare. A statistical clustering is then conducted and a typology of situations elaborated. The paper concludes with highlighting that current pricing structures are influenced by past practices and that the dominant objective of water utilities is to cover costs.     

景电高扬程灌区水价改革实践及思考

水价是水商品价值的体现。由于多方面的原因，水价改革的进程与水商品生产经营的市场化供求关系还不相适应，致使现行水价不能体现水资源的市场需求价值。回顾总结景电灌区水价调整改革的实践，可以为西北高扬程灌区水价改革提供借鉴。     

双渠道供应链中服务对定价和需求的影响研究

研究了集中式决策和基于Stackelberg博弈这两种情况下的双渠道供应链的定价、服务及需求的关系。制造商和零售商提供的服务对价格、需求会产生影响,渠道商改善服务有利于本渠道价格的提高,同时会影响到另一渠道的定价,影响程度与双渠道决策模式相关。与服务对定价的影响不同,渠道商提供的服务对本渠道需求产生的影响是双向的,当服务水平在一定的范围内,改善服务可以增加本渠道市场需求,降低另一渠道需求;当服务水平过高,继续改善服务不仅不能增加需求反而减少需求,同时对另一渠道的需求产生影响,这种影响与消费者市场类型存在密切关系。当消费者市场属于价格敏感型时,服务水平存在一个帕累托区间,任一渠道商改善服务都会促进双渠道需求的增加。     

Implicit Bayesian Inference Using Option Prices

Abstract. A Bayesian approach to option pricing is presented in which posterior inference about the underlying returns process is conducted implicitly via observed option prices. A range of models allowing for conditional leptokurtosis, skewness and time‐varying volatility in returns are considered, with posterior parameter distributions and model probabilities backed out from the option prices. Models are ranked according to several criteria, including out‐of‐sample predictive and hedging performance. The methodology accommodates heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation in the option pricing errors, as well as regime shifts across contract groups. The method is applied to intraday option price data on the S&P500 stock index for 1995. While the results provide support for models that accommodate leptokurtosis and skewness, no one model dominates when all criteria are considered.