Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Defense/Stress Responses Activated by Chitosan in Sycamore Cultured Cells

Chitosan (CHT) is a non-toxic and inexpensive compound obtained by deacetylation of chitin, the main component of the exoskeleton of arthropods as well as of the cell walls of many fungi. In agriculture CHT is used to control numerous diseases on various horticultural commodities but, although different mechanisms have been proposed, the exact mode of action of CHT is still unknown. In sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) cultured cells, CHT induces a set of defense/stress responses that includes production of H₂O₂ and nitric oxide (NO). We investigated the possible signaling role of these reactive molecules in some CHT-induced responses by means of inhibitors of production and/or scavengers. The results show that both reactive nitrogen and oxygen species are not only a mere symptom of stress conditions but are involved in the responses induced by CHT in sycamore cells. In particular, NO appears to be involved in a cell death form induced by CHT that shows apoptotic features like DNA fragmentation, increase in caspase-3-like activity and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrion. On the contrary, reactive oxygen species (ROS) appear involved in a cell death form induced by CHT that does not show these apoptotic features but presents increase in lipid peroxidation.     

Phenolic Phytoalexins in Rice: Biological Functions and Biosynthesis

Phytoalexins are inducible secondary metabolites possessing antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens. Rice produces a wide array of phytoalexins in response to pathogen attacks and environmental stresses. With few exceptions, most phytoalexins identified in rice are diterpenoid compounds. Until very recently, flavonoid sakuranetin was the only known phenolic phytoalexin in rice. However, recent studies have shown that phenylamides are involved in defense against pathogen attacks in rice. Phenylamides are amine-conjugated phenolic acids that are induced by pathogen infections and abiotic stresses including ultra violet (UV) radiation in rice. Stress-induced phenylamides, such as N-trans-cinnamoyltryptamine, N-p-coumaroylserotonin and N-cinnamoyltyramine, have been reported to possess antimicrobial activities against rice bacterial and fungal pathogens, an indication of their direct inhibitory roles against invading pathogens. This finding suggests that phenylamides act as phytoalexins in rice and belong to phenolic phytoalexins along with sakuranetin. Phenylamides also have been implicated in cell wall reinforcement for disease resistance and allelopathy of rice. Synthesis of phenolic phytoalexins is stimulated by phytopathogen attacks and abiotic challenges including UV radiation. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that biosynthetic pathways including the shikimate, phenylpropanoid and arylmonoamine pathways are coordinately activated for phenolic phytoalexin synthesis, and related genes are induced by biotic and abiotic stresses in rice.     

土工合成材料在防汛抢险中的应用

土工合成材料具有整体性强、抢险速度快、适应性强、储运方便、造价低、经久耐用和可废物利用的优点，在防汛抢险中主要起到排水、反滤和防渗的作用，常用于堤岸崩塌、基础管涌、堤身跌窝与漏洞、背水坡散浸、背水面脱坡、洪水浸顶和防风浪淘刷、涵闸及堵口等方面，可及时排队险情。     

福州市档案馆消防设计

本文介绍了甲级档案馆消防设计,探讨了在我国目前档案馆建设中如何选择经济适用的灭火系统,并提出了有关设计规范间存在互为矛盾的问题。     

激光引信及其在海防导弹上的应用前景

简述了 GaAs 激光器、光电探测器及激光引信的基本特点。说明了激光引信在海防导弹上应用的可行性。提出了为满足掠海导弹的需求所必须解决的关键技术和实施途径。展望了激光引信在导弹控制和导引等方面的应用前景。     

Defensive allomones in three species ofHypselodoris (gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Cantabrian sea

ThreeHypselodoris species,H. villafranca, H. cantabrica, and H. tricolor, have been studied in order to further investigate the defensive strategies of Chromodorididae mollusks from Iberian coasts. All animals possess large amounts of furanosesquiterpenoids, probably derived from their diet of sponges. The products are transferred and stored in specific sites of the mantle (mantle dermal formations, MDFs) to be used as chemical deterrents against predators. Chemical analysis of CantabrianHypselodoris species has led to the characterization of eight sesquiterpenoids. Among these, six have been found previously in both sponges and nudibranchs, while two are new natural products.Hypselodoris species cooccurring in the same area contained comparable mixtures of sesquiterpenoids. However, two populations ofH. cantabrica from different sites of the Cantabrian sea showed different metabolic patterns. All sesquiterpenoids induce feeding deterrence inCarassius auratus and two are also toxic toGambusia affinis.     

某大型企业网络安全防御系统的设计

为提高某企业网络的安全防护等级,有效抵御网络黑客和攻击,基于企业当前的网络现状,分析企业的安全需求,设计部署企业的安全防御系统。新的设计方案能有效过滤简单网络攻击,识别复杂网络攻击,全面防护企业网。     

基于改进AHP-FCE模型的多指标拟态表决算法

为了提高拟态防御中表决的准确性,提出了一种基于改进层次分析-模糊综合评价（AHP-FCE）模型的多指标拟态表决算法.针对传统AHP-FCE模型中判断矩阵一致性检验的缺点,对判断矩阵的构造方法进行了改进,构造具有一致性的判断矩阵,无须一致性校验和调整.基于该改进模型,综合分析了拟态表决中的一致度、历史置信度、异构度指标,将拟态表决转化为模糊评价过程.仿真结果表明,与一致表决相比,该算法能有效提高表决的正确率,提升拟态系统的整体安全性能.     

Hormonal Responses to Susceptible,Intermediate, and Resistant Interactions in the Brassica napus–Leptosphaeria maculans Pathosystem

Hormone signaling plays a pivotal role in plant–microbe interactions. There are three major phytohormones in plant defense: salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET). The activation and trade-off of signaling between these three hormones likely determines the strength of plant defense in response to pathogens. Here, we describe the allocation of hormonal signaling in Brassica napus against the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. Three B. napus genotypes (Westar, Surpass400, and 01-23-2-1) were inoculated with two L. maculans isolates (H75 8-1 and H77 7-2), subsequently exhibiting three levels of resistance: susceptible, intermediate, and resistant. Quantitative analyses suggest that the early activation of some SA-responsive genes, including WRKY70 and NPR1, contribute to an effective defense against L. maculans. The co-expression among factors responding to SA/ET/JA was also observed in the late stage of infection. The results of conjugated SA measurement also support that early SA activation plays a crucial role in durable resistance. Our results demonstrate the relationship between the onset patterns of certain hormone regulators and the effectiveness of the defense of B. napus against L. maculans.