Modelling of black carbon statistical distribution and return periods of extreme concentrations

Eight datasets of 1-h black carbon (BC) concentrations measured in Warsaw agglomeration (Poland), at urban background and sub-urban sites, and in Racibórz, a small town in Upper Silesia district (regional background site) were analyzed to evaluate BC levels, daily profiles and statistical distributions of concentrations in Central-Eastern European region. The observed mean levels ranged from 1483 ng m⁻³ in suburban site during summer to 3358 ng m⁻³ in regional background site in winter. Observed diurnal patterns were bimodal in the locations dominated by traffic emissions, but unimodal, with elevated evening peak in individually heated residential area. Three theoretical frequency distributions were applied to fit analyzed datasets separately. The lognormal distribution was the most appropriate to represent the middle-range values, while the high concentrations were satisfactorily predicted by the type I two-parameter exponential distribution which was used to estimate the return periods of extreme concentrations for winter months.     

波兰果树生产考察报告

概述了近20年来波兰水果产量,栽培的果树品种构成,主栽品种,以及各种水果产品的供需状况和果树科研情况。     

Lignite mining and electricity generation in Poland: The current state and future prospects

This opinion paper presents the current state and future scenarios of Polish lignite mining. For many years, over 1/3 of domestic electricity, that is about 53–55 TWh, has been generated by lignite-fired power plants. Currently, with 63–66 million tons of extraction, Poland is the fourth lignite producer worldwide and the second in the European Union. There are three possible scenarios for the development of lignite mining in Poland by 2050. Unfortunately, despite the huge lignite resources, amounting to more than 23.5 billion tons, and great potential of the mining industry, the future of Polish lignite mining does not look optimistic from the economic point of view. This is associated with social and environmental problems, including the European Union's climate and energy policy. However, this may change in the event of a global economic crisis and unstable geopolitical conditions. Therefore, a new energy doctrine for Poland at least by 2050 is urgently needed.     

Sage of Lacock

Abstract

‘The good is oft interred with their bones.’ Much of what has been written of William Henry Fox Talbot has done him meagre justice: criticism for patenting his inventions, accusations that he patented the ideas of others, denigration of the importance of his discoveries. Though acknowledged as a scientist, his place as an artistic worker in the medium he invented has not been appreciated.     

Shifting the spotlight: suggesting a pragmatic approach to studying the Polish LGBT community

This research, based on a pilot survey distributed among representatives of the LGBT community in Poland, is aimed at initiating an academic debate on the future of the Polish LGBT population in the urban setting; gaining insight into perceptions of LGBT survey respondents about potential clustering preferences of the Polish LGBT population; and thus suggesting a framework for LGBT inclusion in the Polish urban economic and developmental plans, using Poznan, Poland, as an example. The pilot survey, distributed among a small sample group of LGBT individuals mostly from the city of Poznan, provides insight into attitudes that Polish LGBT individuals may have towards forming a dedicated LGBT district in a major city in Poland, and potential consumer preferences in housing arrangements and services that such a district should provide. More importantly, this research aims to spark further research into the relationship between urban environments and the LGBT community in Poland.     

Current state and perspectives for oilseed rape production for energy purposes in Poland

The article aims to analyze the current state and determine the perspectives for oilseed rape production for energy purposes in Poland. According to the study, in recent years the oilseed rape area for energy purposes and the production of biocomponents and biofuels from oilseed rape have been on the rise in Poland. The considerable and spatially concentrated energy potential of oilseed rape in Poland is noted. It is indicated that the greatest energy potential of the oilseed rape production is the four neighboring voivodeships: Dolno?l?skie, Opolskie, Wielkopolskie, and Kujawsko-Pomorskie.     

Community perception of the Klimkówka Reservoir in Poland

This article presents the results of a survey on how people perceive the Klimkówka storage reservoir located on the Ropa River in the Polish Carpathians. The analysis focused on establishing the role of various factors which impact the assessment of the reservoir by the local community. Community perception of the reservoir was analyzed in relation to several aspects linked to the reservoir itself, e.g. the risk of dam failure, feeling of safety, pros and cons, and how accustomed people were to the reservoir. A crucial issue was to identify how the real threat of a flood, experienced by people living below the dam, affected the way people perceived the reservoir. As a result of the analysis, a hierarchy of factors which determine people's assessment of large hydraulic structures was established. The results can be applied to determine specific measures aimed at limiting negative community perception of water infrastructure.     

Reservoir engineering assessment of low-temperature geothermal resources in the Skierniewice municipality (Poland)

Low temperature geothermal resources and their production potential in the Skierniewice area of Poland were evaluated assuming conventional well doublet arrays. The reservoir engineering assessment was carried out, within the framework of a World Bank project, to study the feasibility of providing heat to the local district heating system, using data from two existing wells and from geophysical surveys, and by evaluating results of production, injection and interference well tests. Two options were simulated mathematically, using both semianalytical and numerical codes, considering a simplified reservoir model: one based on the two existing wells, the other considering four wells, two to be drilled. The injection of spent brines into a different reservoir was also studied.     

GEOCHEMICAL AUREOLES AROUND OIL AND GAS ACCUMULATIONS IN THE ZECHSTEIN (UPPER PERMIAN) OF POLAND: ANALYSIS OF FLUID INCLUSIONS IN HALITE AND BITUMENS IN ROCK SALT

Fluid inclusions in halite and bitumens in rock salt in Upper Permian Zechstein evaporites in West Poland were studied in locations where the evaporites lie above oil and gas reservoir rocks. The samples were taken from halite intercalated within the Basal Anhydrite; this unit lies above the Main Dolomite which serves as both source rock and reservoir. Samples came from a depth of 2.3–3.2 km. A characteristic feature of the fluid (gas-brine) inclusions was their high methane content together with the occasional presence of bitumen globules of near-spherical form. Geochemical analyses of the bitumen in bulk samples of rock salt (including content and distribution of n-alkanes and isoprenoids, and carbon isotope ratios) suggest an algal origin, similar to that of the oil in the underlying source rocks. For comparison, we studied fluid inclusions in halite from Zechstein evaporites in northern Poland, where hydrocarbon accumulations do not occur in underlying strata and where mostly single-phase (brine) inclusions with a low methane content have been recorded. However, published data indicate that similar inclusions to those occurring in the Zechstein of West Poland (comprising brine with a high methane content, bitumen films and/or oil droplets) are present in other salt-bearing sequences, where their origin is related to the thermal degradation of organic material dispersed within the salt itself. Accordingly, such fluid inclusions in an evaporite succession can only be considered to form a geochemical aureole where the bitumens in the rock salt (including those in the fluid inclusions in halite) can be compositionally linked to those in the associated oil accumulation.     

东欧大学教师的发展状况分析——以东欧剧变后的波兰为例

东欧剧变后波兰的高等教育体制发生了巨大变化,在新的高等教育改革推动下,波兰的大学教师发展出现了新的状况,如大学教师队伍增长缓慢,待遇偏低,兼职普遍,女性教师比例高。这种状况已经开始影响波兰的高等教育质量,也受到了波兰政府的关注。分析东欧剧变后波兰大学教师的发展状况,对我国制订合理的高校教师发展规划具有一定的启发意义。