Wave drift force in a two-layer fluid of finite depth

Based on the momentum and energy conservation principles, a compact calculation formula is analytically derived for the wave-drift force on a 2-D body floating in a two-layer fluid of finite depth. In a two-layer fluid, two different wave modes (the surface-wave mode with longer wavelength and the internal-wave mode with shorter wavelength) exist not only in the incident wave but also in the body-scattered wave, and these wave characteristics are properly incorporated in the obtained formula. It is noted that, unlike the single-layer case, the wave-drift force can be negative in the incident wave of surface-wave mode, if the transmitted wave with internal-wave mode is large. Numerical computations are implemented for a Lewis-form body by means of the boundary-integral-equation method with Green’s function for the two-layer fluid problem. The effects of density ratio, interface position, and body motions on the wave-drift force are studied, and some important features are found for two-layer fluids.     

Off-line optimization and control for real time integration of a three-phase hydrogenation catalytic reactor

In order to develop and test the integration procedure, in this paper a real time process integration involving the optimization and control of the process is presented, in this case, with the two-layer approach. The used optimization algorithms were Levenberg–Marquardt and SQP that solve a non-linear least square problem subject to bounds on the variables. The two-layer approach is a hierarchical control structure where an optimization layer calculates the set points and manipulated variables to the advanced controller, which is based on the dynamic matrix control with constraints (QDMC). The non-isothermal dynamic model of the three-phase slurry catalytic reactor with appropriate solution procedure was utilized in this work (Vasco de Toledo, E. C., Santana, P. L., Maciel, M. R. W., & Maciel Filho, R. (2001). Dynamic modeling of a three-phase catalytic slurry reactor. Chemical Engineering Science, 56, 6055–6061). The model consists on mass and heat balance equations for the catalyst particles as well as for the bulk phases of gas and liquid. The model was used to describe the dynamic behavior of hydrogenation reaction of o-cresol to obtain 2-methil-cyclohexanol, in the presence of a catalyst Ni/SiO₂.     

Fast two-layer image watermarking without referring to the original image and watermark

A fast two-layer image watermarking without referring to the original image and watermark is proposed in this study. Two layers of algorithms are employed to simultaneously hide the same watermarks in the spatial domain. More specifically, the first layer watermarking resists high-frequency destruction, while that in layer two resists low-frequency destruction. Although the image is modified through two layers of watermarking, the watermarks are still invisible. In addition, the proposed watermarking has other advantages. First, the proposed embedding technique is based on an intra-relationship within the original image rather than an inter-relationship between the original and watermarked images so that the original image is not required during the detection process. Second, the proposed watermark is composed of fixed and variable parts. The fixed part allows the detection of the watermark existence and location without referring to the original watermark. The variable part permits greater flexibility and variety of watermarks. Third, the proposed watermark is a short serial number, which allows it to be duplicated. Because of the duplication, a majority voting strategy can be employed to facilitate watermark detection. Finally, the proposed method is fast and simple. It takes only one or two seconds for either the embedding stage or the detection stage. Various experiments have been conducted to verify the above advantages of the two layer watermarking.     

长输热油管道运行方案的优化

对于输油计划已定的热油管道,输油能耗主要包括输油泵的动力费用和加热炉的燃料费用。在保证安全及时完成输油任务的前提下,如何使输油总能耗达到最小,对于降低企业输油成本具有非常重要的意义。以降低能耗为目的,以热力费用与动力费用之和最小为目标函数,建立了长输热油管道优化运行模型,并采用两层嵌套法来求解,即穷举出各种可能的开泵方案作为外层嵌套,将进站温度的优化作为内层嵌套。对于外层嵌套的每一种开泵方案,用动态规划法优化出内层嵌套的各站进站温度,从而计算出一个总能耗费用;遍历各种开泵方案得到不同的总能耗费用,所有能耗费用中的最小者即为最优解。根据所建模型编制了相应软件,为加热原油的长距离优化输送提供了决策依据。     

Design and Evaluation of a Two-Layer Floating Tablet for Gastric Retention Using Cisapride as a Model Drug

A new kind of two-layer floating tablet for gastric retention (TFTGR) with cisapride as a model drug was developed. The in vitro drug release was determined, and the resultant buoyancy and the time-buoyancy curve were plotted. Because of the sodium bicarbonate added to the floating layer, when immersed in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) the tablet expands and rises to the surface, where the drug is gradually released. The in vitro drug release of this kind of two-layer dosage was controlled by the amount of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) in the drug-loading layer. Generally, the more HPMC, the slower the drug releases. Because cisapride has greater solubility in SGF than simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), its in vitro drug dissolution in SGF is faster than in SIF. One of the distinguishing characteristics of this kind of tablet is the separate regulation of buoyancy and drug release. The idea developed in this experiment can be used as a general model for the design of other tablets for gastric retention.     

Synthesis gas production by steam reforming of ethanol

A two-layer fixed-bed catalytic reactor for syngas production by steam reforming of ethanol has been proposed. In the reactor, ethanol is first converted to a mixture of methane, carbon oxides and hydrogen over a Pd-based catalyst and then this mixture is converted to syngas over a Ni-based catalyst for methane steam reforming. It has been shown that the use of the two-layer fixed-bed reactor prevents coke formation and provides the syngas yield closed to equilibrium.     

基于分层遗传算法的双阈值图像分割

图像分割是图像处理中的重要问题,通常的图像分割法包括阈值法、边缘检测法、区域跟踪法等.其中,阈值法是一种通用的方法.本文将分层遗传算法用于阈值的选取,仿真结果表明,在设定了合适的遗传算子后,该算法可以实现正确的图像分割,将分层遗传算法用于图像处理中,是非常有效的.     

Influence of Oil Load and Maltodextrin Concentration on Properties of Tuna Oil Microcapsules Encapsulated in Two-Layer Membrane

The two layers of tuna oil-in-water emulsions containing different oil loads (5–10 wt%) and maltodextrin concentrations (10–20 wt%) were stabilized by a lecithin–chitosan membrane. The liquid emulsions were then spray dried at an inlet air temperature of 180 ± 2°C and an outlet air temperature of 85 ± 5°C. The characteristics of liquid emulsion (creaming and mean droplet size) and spray-dried microcapsules (moisture content, water activity, color, morphology, glass transition temperature, and encapsulation efficiency) were measured. The results suggest that two-layer oil-in-water emulsions are an effective system to produce high oil-loaded microcapsules, which may lead to its wide application for use in food products.     

基于多物理场耦合的U3Si2燃料与双层SiC包壳组合的轻水堆燃料性能分析

基于COMSOL平台开发了一套基于多物理场全耦合的燃料性能分析程序,并通过径向功率分布模型对比验证了该程序的正确性与准确性;然后进一步分析了U₃Si₂燃料与双层SiC包壳组合、U₃Si₂燃料与锆合金包壳组合在反应堆正常运行工况下的性能,并与UO₂燃料与锆合金的组合进行了对比分析。计算结果发现U₃Si₂燃料与锆合金包壳组合相比UO₂燃料与锆合金的组合具有更低的燃料中心温度、裂变气体释放量及内压,但气隙闭合时间会提前;而U₃Si₂燃料与双层SiC包壳的组合相比U₃Si₂燃料与锆合金的组合具有更高的燃料中心温度、更大的裂变气体释放量及内压,且随着燃耗的增加,其燃料中心温度大幅增加,与锆合金包壳相比,双层SiC包壳能够有效延迟气隙闭合,缓解燃料与包壳的力学相互作用。