Dreissenid veliger dynamics along a nearshore to offshore transect in Lake Michigan

Dreissenid mussel veligers compose a substantial component of pelagic biomass in the Great Lakes, yet their dynamics are poorly understood. To evaluate seasonal, spatial, and inter-annual variation in veliger density, we used a 64-μm mesh plankton net (2008, 2013–2016) and a 153-μm mesh plankton net (2007–2016) to collect dreissenid veligers at nearshore (15–25?m depth), transitional (45?m) and offshore (93–110?m) sites in southeast Lake Michigan during March–December. We also evaluated trends in density of recently settled mussels relative to veliger abundance and the density of the standing stock of adult mussels. Veliger density peaked during both summer and fall at all sites, but peak densities in summer were generally higher nearshore, whereas peak densities in the fall were generally higher offshore. The density of veligers in the 153-μm net was overall 28% of that in the 64-μm net, but there was high variability in this comparison among months. Smaller veligers were much more abundant in the 64-μm net, but there was little difference in the size distribution and abundance between nets for the 210–300?μm size classes. Thus, the 153-μm net could still be a useful tool for assessing density trends of larger veligers just prior to their settlement. Newly settled mussels (≤2?mm) were most abundant in summer or fall at the nearshore and offshore sites but were nearly absent at the transitional site despite the high density of veligers there. Factors other than veliger density must play an important role in mussel recruitment.     

Quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis) as biomonitors of metal contamination: A case study in the upper St. Lawrence River

In this study, the utility of quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis) as biomonitors was investigated by measuring total concentrations of three trace metals, cadmium, copper, and zinc, in soft tissues. Quagga mussels were sampled from five sites along the upper St. Lawrence River, including one industrially influenced site, from 1999 through 2007. Mussels were collected from near-shore areas, divided into 5 size classes based on maximum shell length, and tissues were pooled for analysis of each size group. Two-way analysis of variance and a posteriori range tests were used to test for differences among sites along a distance gradient from the outflow of Lake Ontario and to examine inter-annual variability within and among sites. Cadmium concentrations were higher nearer the outflow of the lake. Copper concentrations varied among sites and years, but were generally highest near the industrial site. Zinc concentrations were relatively uniform, possibly reflecting internal regulation. Animal size measured as shell length was not an important factor in this section of the river, but warrants further consideration in a wider range of ecosystems and contaminant exposure levels. In general, concentrations of the three metals were not high compared to reports in the published literature for dreissenid mussels in contaminated environments. However, few studies have utilized quagga mussels rather than zebra mussels. The two species may differ in bioaccumulation patterns and may not be interchangeable as biomonitors. Further studies of bioaccumulation of contaminants by quagga mussels in a wider range of contaminant exposures would be useful particularly as quagga mussels displace zebra mussels in the Laurentian Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.     

HClO对贻贝粘附单元DOPA氧化的理论研究

采用量子化学密度泛函理论(DFT)研究贻贝粘附单元DOPA(3,4-二羟基苯丙氨酸)的结构与性质,得分子的几何构型、原子电荷分布、反应活性及热力学等参数,表明:DOPA苯环易与HClO(次氯酸)发生亲电取代反应(1),生成3-氯4,5-二羟基苯丙氨酸,阻碍生成贻贝内超强粘附单元DOPA二联体,降低粘附蛋白间粘性;DOPA侧链易与HClO发生亲电亲核反应(2),促使DOPA侧链的断裂,降低粘附蛋白内粘性;在相同温度下,反应(1)和反应(2)的△G<0,且△G(1)<△G(2),反应(1)较易发生.     

Linux环境下软路由器的实现

Linux具有稳定性好,资源占用率低等优势在网络中迅速普及;Linux不仅给用户提供了多项网络服务,也提供了相应的路由服务来连接两个不同的网段,实现IP转发、屏蔽网络风暴、网络存取访问控制和流量统计等功能。Linux操作系统下用Zebra来实现路由服务是Linux网络服务的典型应用,具有良好的推广前景。     

模块化路由软件实现技术分析与研究

本文针对目前互联网上存在的三套独立的开源模块化路由软件：MRT、GateD、GNU Zebra,从其软件体系结构及单个路由协议实现技术方面做了全面的总结和比较。为我们设计路由软件提供了很好的启示。     

SSL VPN的设计与实现

虚拟专用网络(VPN,Virtual Private Network)正迅速成为远程存取应用中最为普及的一种方法;安全套接层协议SSL是用来保障数据安全传输的协议,目前已经成为事实上的工业标准;两者的结合——SSL VPN(Secure Socket Layer Virtual Private Network)正成为远程安全接入市场上的一个热点。通过对SSL VPN三种不同实现方案的分析比较,结合OpenSSL和Zebra设计实现了SSL VPN服务器,该方案使用隧道连接方式,能够在不更改应用程序的条件下,为企业提供全网接入的能力。     

木瓜蛋白酶水解珠蚌制备肽钙及其红外光谱分析

以木瓜蛋白酶酶解珠蚌肉制备的活性肽为原料,研究珠蚌活性肽与钙离子的螯合新工艺,并对螯合产物进行红外光谱分析。研究表明:珠蚌活性肽与钙离子的最佳螯合工艺为螯合时间45min、温度35℃、肽钙比4.5:1、pH9.5、固液比1:30,此条件下,肽钙螯合率为31.47%。红外光谱扫描显示,肽的螯合产物在1418.7cm-1出现了羧酸盐的特征峰,在3386.8cm-1处出现了铵盐的特征峰,表明珠蚌活性肽与钙离子螯合物的生成。     

Spermatozoa Transcriptional Response and Alterations in PL Proteins Properties after Exposure of Mytilus galloprovincialis to Mercury

Mercury (Hg) is an environmental pollutant that impacts human and ecosystem health. In our previous works, we reported alterations in the properties of Mytilus galloprovincialis protamine-like (PL) proteins after 24 h of exposure to subtoxic doses of toxic metals such as copper and cadmium. The present work aims to assess the effects of 24 h of exposure to 1, 10, and 100 pM HgCl₂ on spermatozoa and PL proteins of Mytilus galloprovincialis. Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry indicated accumulation of this metal in the gonads of exposed mussels. Further, RT-qPCR analyses showed altered expression levels of spermatozoa mt10 and hsp70 genes. In Mytilus galloprovincialis, PL proteins represent the major basic component of sperm chromatin. These proteins, following exposure of mussels to HgCl₂, appeared, by SDS-PAGE, partly as aggregates and showed a decreased DNA-binding capacity that rendered them unable to prevent DNA damage, in the presence of CuCl₂ and H₂O₂. These results demonstrate that even these doses of HgCl₂ exposure could affect the properties of PL proteins and result in adverse effects on the reproductive system of this organism. These analyses could be useful in developing rapid and efficient chromatin-based genotoxicity assays for pollution biomonitoring programs.