Monitoring the linear alkylbenzene sulfonation process using high-temperature gas chromatography

Controlling the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) sulfonation process is a critical part of the LAS manufacturing process; this process can be monitored by assaying for LAS content, unsulfonated linear alkylbenzene (LAB), and LAB sulfones. Traditionally, assaying the LAB and LAB sulfone contents has been time consuming and not straightforward. A simple and rapid procedure is described for the isolation and simultaneous capillary gas chromatographic (GC) quantification of LAB and LAB sulfones in LAS. The procedure involves extraction of the unsulfonated LAB and the LAB sulfones into n-heptane; sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate or linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid (reacted to form sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate) remains in the aqueous extraction solvent layer. High-temperature capillary GC using a specialty metal capillary column enables both LAB and high molecular weight LAB sulfones to be quantified.     

双酚A型聚碳酸酯快速拉伸过程的分子动力学模拟

本文采用用分子动力学方法研究了双酚A型聚碳酸酯的快速拉伸过程.采用COMPASS力场和NPT系综研究了应力应/变关系、能量/应变关系等.应力-应变曲线的研究结果显示,前"屈服点"和后"屈服点"分别为0.14和0.17,应变≤0.05为"弹性区域".0.14<ε_(xx)<1.05的区域为"塑性区域",ε_(xx)>1.05属于"硬化"区.能量-应力关系的研究结果显示,在应力-应变呈线性关系的"弹性区域",体系的总势能及各势能分量随应变增大发生不规则的波动.为了从能量的角度解释PBC-PC在外部拉伸条件下的应变情况,本文还研究了体系总能量与各能量分项,与应变的关系,对链结构与能量分项的关系进行了讨论.     

A study of high-boiling alkylbenzene fractions as synthetic lubricants for refrigerators

The properties of synthetic oils based on high-boiling alkylbenzenes - good low temperature behaviour, thermo-oxidative, anticorrosive and hydrolylic stability, make them suitable candidates as lubricating oils for refrigerator machinery. This paper reports the results of investigations by column adrorption chromatography and GC-MS into the nature and properties of three high boiling alkylbenzene fractions, and their behaviour when compounded into candidate refrigerator oils.     

苯与长链烯烃烷基化反应的催化剂研究进展

长链烷基苯是合成洗涤剂的重要原料,是由苯与长链烯烃在酸性催化剂作用下烷基化反应生成的.目前生产工艺中大多使用HF或AlCl3为催化剂,由于它们的腐蚀性和毒性及对环境的污染,需要开发新的催化剂及生产工艺.简要对国内外合成线性长链烷基苯的各种固体酸、负载酸和酸性离子液体催化剂的研究进展进行了综述.     

Investigation of the Hydrogenation of Some Substituted Alkylbenzenes in a Laboratory Scale Trickle-Bed Reactor

The liquid–phase hydrogenation kinetics of toluene, cumene and mesitylene was studied over an alumina-supported nickel catalyst in a laboratory scale trickle-bed reactor operating isothermally at temperature of 75–115°C and at hydrogen pressures of 20–40 bar. The experiments performed in the absence of intraparticular diffusion resistance showed that the catalyst deactivated rapidly at the initial stage of the experiment, after which a virtually stable level of the catalyst activity was attained. The systematic kinetic experiments carried out with a stable aged catalyst revealed that cumene and mesitylene at high concentrations retarded the hydrogenation rate, whereas such an effect was not observable for toluene. The results of the kinetic experiments were interpreted quantitatively with a reaction mechanism involving sequential addition of hydrogen to absorbed aromatic molecules.     

氢氟酸处理对β沸石催化剂烷基化反应的影响

用不同浓度的HF溶液对β沸石催化剂进行处理,当HF浓度较低时,催化剂的晶格外物种和不稳定的骨架铝被溶解,桥形羟基被F取代,孔体积和比表面积增加,总酸量减少。随着HF浓度的继续增加,强B酸变化不明显,强L酸量增加,这是因为强B酸主要来源于缺陷处硅羟基,强L酸是由AlF3或其它铝物种的形成。深度氟化的催化剂孔体积和比表面积均减少,此时β沸石被溶解。催化剂寿命主要取决于催化剂的比表面积和孔体积,而不是酸量。当氟质量分数为0 5%时,催化剂的孔体积和比表面积最大,此时催化剂寿命提高约30%。     

Three-way-catalyst induced benzene formation: A precursor study

The implementation of the three-way-catalyst technology was the major step for pollutant abatement of gasoline vehicles. There are, however, situations, where the engine has to be operated at sub-stoichiometric combustion. At such fuel-rich conditions, an intense formation of benzene was observed over a Pd/Rh-based three-way-catalyst (TWC), when operating the catalyst in a critical temperature window of 600–730 °C. At least four different reaction pathways can lead to benzene formation on the catalyst, viz. (i) dealkylation of alkylbenzenes under steam reforming conditions, (ii) hydrodealkylation, (iii) aromatization of cyclohexanes, and (iv) cyclotrimerization of ethyne. Based on the engine-out exhaust composition only routes (i) and (ii) seem to be reasonable. The pre-catalyst application of 12 different alkylbenzenes indeed revealed that benzene formation is possible from all these precursors. At most up to 60% of the spiked precursors were converted to benzene. For meta- and para-substituted alkylbenzenes, a multi-step mechanism is proposed because partial dealkylation products such as toluene were formed as well. But a different, one-step mechanism is assumed for ortho-substituted alkylbenzenes, since no intermediates could be detected. No C–C-bond cleavage was observed within alkyl side chains. It is concluded that dealkylation reactions of alkylbenzenes are the major pathways leading to benzene formation in the TWC. Because fuel-rich combustion conditions have to be applied for the regeneration of deNO_X traps or certain particulate traps as well, this chemistry might also be of relevance for these exhaust gas treatment systems.     

Distribution of linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) in riverine and coastal environments in South and Southeast Asia

This paper reports the result of sewage pollution monitoring conducted in South and Southeast Asia during 1998-2003 using linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) as molecular tracers of sewage contamination. Eighty-nine water samples collected from Malaysia, Vietnam, and Japan (Tokyo), and 161 surface sediment samples collected from Tokyo, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, and India were analyzed for alkylbenzenes. The concentration range of SigmaLABs in river water particles in Southeast Asia (<0.005-0.913 microg/L) was comparable to or higher than those found in Tokyo (<0.005-0.638 microg/L). I/E ratios (a ratio of internal to external isomers of LABs) in tropical Asian waters were close to the value of LABs in raw sewage ( approximately 1) and much lower than those in secondary effluents (3-5). This suggests that untreated or inadequately treated sewage is discharged into the water. SigmaLABs concentrations in sediments from South and Southeast Asia ranged from <0.002-42.6 microg/g-dry with the highest concentration occurring at several populous cities. Low I/E ratios of the sediments with high SigmaLABs concentrations suggest a heavy load of untreated sewage. Clearly in view of the current data and evidence of the implications of sewage pollution, this paper highlights the necessity of the continuation of water treatment system improvement in tropical Asia.     

离子液体催化苯与己烯的烷基化反应

以FeCl3-[bmim]Cl(三氯化铁-氯化丁基甲基咪唑)离子液体为催化剂,考察了离子液体催化剂的酸度、原料中水含量、苯和己烯的摩尔比及加入一定量质子酸对苯与己烯烷基化反应的影响。实验结果表明,离子液体的催化活性与其酸强度密切相关,只有在酸性条件下,离子液体对烷基化反应才有催化活性。酸性离子液体具有很高的催化活性和很好的烷基苯选择性,并且可以循环使用,活性基本没有降低。在优化的反应条件下,己烯的转化率达99 5%以上,烷基苯的选择性达到99%以上。     

Alkylation of Benzene with Long-Chain Olefins Catalyzed by Fluorinated β Zeolite

The effects of fluorination on H zeolite and alkylation of benzene with long-chain olefins catalyzed by fluorinated zeolite are investigated. The lifetime of the catalysts depends on the surface area and pore volume rather than acidity. When the fluorine content is 0.5%, the lifetime improves by 30%, when the catalyst has maximum specific surface area and pore volume.