"Interactive use of lexical information in speech perception": Correction to Connine and Clifton.

Reports an error in "Interactive use of lexical information in speech perception" by Cynthia M. Connine and Charles Clifton (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1987[May], Vol 13[2], 291-299). In the aforementioned article, Figures 1 and 2 were inadvertently transposed. The figure on p. 294 is actually Figure 2, and the figure on p. 296 is actually Figure 1. The captions are correct as they stand. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1987-23984-001.) Two experiments are reported that demonstrate contextual effects on identification of speech voicing continua. Experiment 1 demonstrated the infuence of lexical knowledge on identification of ambiguous tokens from word–nonword and nonword–word continua. Reaction times for word and nonword responses showed a word advantage only for ambiguous stimulus tokens (at the category boundary); no word advantage was found for clear stimuli (at the continua endpoints). Experiment 2 demonstrated an effect of a postperceptual variable, monetary payoff, on nonword–nonword continua. Identification responses were influenced by monetary payoff, but reaction times for bias-consistent and bias-inconsistent responses did not differ at the category boundary. An advantage for bias-consistent responses was evident at the continua endpoints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

工艺过程中假废品的研究

对机械零件加工过程中出现的假废品现象进行了分析和研究,并提出了判别的方法.     

Detection and modification of confusing color combinations for red‐green dichromats to achieve a color universal design

Color‐vision deficiency is a relatively common genetic condition, which often leads to the obstruction of necessary information in colored images. It is important to minimize such inconvenient effects in communication using colored images from a universal design perspective. The universal design principle stipulates that all environments and products should be usable by all people, regardless of age, physical attributes, and ability. This article proposes a method to detect color combinations in a given image that would confuse color dichromats, and suggests a way in which to modify them to make the image easily distinguishable for both normal and dichromatic observers. Confusing color combinations were detected based on a color‐difference calculation using simulations of how the color would appear to dichromats. The confusing colors were then modified based on the minimization of an evaluation function, which was defined as the sum of the degree of confusion and the degree of color change from the original image. Several colored images obtained by the proposed method were compared with the originals by red–green dichromatic observers who judged them to be clearer, thereby confirming that the proposed method was effective for color rendering for universal design. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 203–211, 2008     

Can being scared cause tummy aches? Naive theories, ambiguous evidence, and preschoolers' causal inferences.

Causal learning requires integrating constraints provided by domain-specific theories with domain-general statistical learning. In order to investigate the interaction between these factors, the authors presented preschoolers with stories pitting their existing theories against statistical evidence. Each child heard 2 stories in which 2 candidate causes co-occurred with an effect. Evidence was presented in the form: AB→E; CA→E; AD→E; and so forth. In 1 story, all variables came from the same domain; in the other, the recurring candidate cause, A, came from a different domain (A was a psychological cause of a biological effect). After receiving this statistical evidence, children were asked to identify the cause of the effect on a new trial. Consistent with the predictions of a Bayesian model, all children were more likely to identify A as the cause within domains than across domains. Whereas 3.5-year-olds learned only from the within-domain evidence, 4- and 5-year-olds learned from the cross-domain evidence and were able to transfer their new expectations about psychosomatic causality to a novel task. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Load combination analysis by ‘Directional simulation in the load space’

The reliability of structures subjected to multiple time-varying random loads is considered herein. It is well-known that the reliability of such systems may be evaluated by considering outcrossings of the load process vector out of a safe domain, and the contribution of individual loads to structural failure may be evaluated by considering outcrossings caused by combinations of one or more loads. In this paper the ‘Directional Simulation in the Load Space’ approach to reliability analysis is developed to consider explicitly outcrossings caused by all possible combinations of loads, during analysis of systems comprising stationary continuous Gaussian loads. To do this, the direction of the load process vector is ‘fixed’ at each point of outcrossing (to physically represent the particular combination of loads causing the outcrossing), and, by considering each possible load combination, all loads not causing an outcrossing are then held constant during radial integration (to model correctly that they do not contribute to each outcrossing). A numerical example demonstrating the validity of the proposed formulation is presented.     

浅析受贿罪讯问中的逻辑错误

犯罪嫌疑人的供述是认定受贿罪的“证据之王”,而讯问中逻辑错误的常见、多发,却严重削弱了其证明力,给反贪工作造成不必要的损失。为此,侦查人员在讯问中必须杜绝预期理由、混淆论题、不正当的复杂问语、推不出、论题含混等逻辑错误。     

从模糊产权到管理层收购--政府放弃乡镇企业产权原因分析

20世纪90年代以后,乡镇企业的产权模式出现了巨大的变化,其中大量被管理层收购,对此理论界多从经济角度给予解释,但鉴于政府在市场经济中的特殊身份,我认为必须从经济与政治两个方面,才能对之做出合理说明.     

Resolving Ambiguity: The Effect of Experience on Interpretation of Ambiguous Events in Generalized Social Phobia.

The authors examined the effect of learning on multiple encounters with sources of social ambiguity in individuals with generalized social phobia (GSP). The authors modified G. B. Simpson and H. Kang's (1994) paradigm and presented prime-target word pairs to individuals with GSP and nonanxious controls (NACs) to prime threat and nonthreat meanings of homographs and examine the effect of this priming on later encounters with that homograph. Consistent with previous research, NACs showed faster response latencies naming a target primed by a homograph with the same meaning activated in two successive trials than naming the same target primed by an unrelated word. Furthermore, NACs showed slower response latencies naming a target when a different meaning of the homograph prime was activated in successive trials than naming a target primed by an unrelated word. GSP participants did not show this pattern in learning a nonthreat meaning of a homograph. These results support the hypothesis that a faulty learning mechanism may be involved in social anxiety. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

复合地基承载力的模糊可靠度分析

复合地基的稳定在一定程度上可视为一模糊事件，由于影响复合地基承载力的因素常常表现出不同程度的随机变异性，复合地基承载力也具有随机变异性。建立了复合地基的极限状态方程，进而利用概率理论与模糊数学建立复合地基失稳的模糊概率公式，并对参数c、φ、γ之间的关系做了分析。得出地基承载力的模糊概率分析中，主要的影响因素来自于c、φ的变异，而φ的变异系数影响很小，可以忽略不计，计算中可以按常量来计算。     

Effect of interactions between voltage and current harmonics on the net harmonic current produced by single phase non-linear loads

The effect of the interaction between both load voltage and current harmonics on the net harmonic current produced by different types of single phase non-linear loads is investigated. Two types of loads are considered: the fluorescent lamps' load and single phase diode bridge rectifiers' load. Studies are done on each load alone and then on the combination of both. The electromagnetic transient program has been used to model these loads. The computer simulations are supported by laboratory testing. The main conclusion of this work is that neglecting the interactions between both voltage and current harmonics will result in incorrect estimation of the harmonic current produced by these loads. Also it is concluded that using a combination of different types of loads can result in a reduction of the current and voltage distortions.