Low-cost embedded spirometer based on micro machined polycrystalline thin film

There is a great need for a low cost and low power consumption portable spirometer for the home care of respiratory diseases. A mobile monitoring system utilizing Bluetooth and mobile messaging services (SMS) with low-cost hardware equipment is proposed. A proof of concept prototype has been developed and implemented to enable transmission of a flow or volume of gas during inspiratory and expiratory process signal of a patient, which can be expanded to include other vital signs. Communication between a mobile smart-phone and the spirometer is implemented using the popular personal area network standard specification Bluetooth. We used SMS for transmission, the mobile phone plots the received signal and displays the flow measurement application software running on the client mobile phone itself, where the plot can be captured and saved as an image before transmission. The acquired signal is transmitted via the Bluetooth to the processing and diagnostic unit with wireless protocol between sensors and the electronics board. The flow measurement is done with a silicon hot wire anemometer manufactured with MEMS technology. The design, manufacturing, calibration, and basic characterization of MEMS hot-wire anemometer and digital spiromerter is presented.     

螺旋桨搅拌槽中液体的流动结构

在直径１６００ｍｍ的平底柱形有机玻璃槽中，利用热膜风速仪测量了２个搅拌浆－槽体系中流体的时均速度，脉动速度的均方根值，湍流强度，纵向积分尺度，纵向微分尺度和能谱函数。研究了时均速度及湍流微结构在搅拌槽中的分布规律及搅抖转速的影响。     

An alternative mathematical model of vane anemometers based on the balance of power

Anemometers based on the exchange of momentum between the flow and rotating measuring element comprise an important class of instruments used in flow metrology, especially in meteorological and ventilation measurements. In these instruments, overvaluation of the measured average velocity, caused by the inertia of their rotors, takes place. To analyse this phenomenon and the dynamics of the measurement process, as well as to estimate and minimize the measurement uncertainty, it is required to be acquainted with the mathematical model of the anemometer. In this study, the model of the vane anemometer based on the equation of motion of its rotor available in the literature is analysed, and a new model based on the power balance is proposed. Model testing and a comparison of both models has also been performed.     

子波分析识别环流反应器泡状结构实验

用热膜测速技术以高于对应最小湍流时间尺度的分辨率精细测量了环流反应器内气液二相流速度的时间序列信号,对气液二相流速度信号中自动识别泡状流结构进行了研究。用子波分析方法,将热膜测速仪输出的气液二相流混合速度信号在时域空间和频域空间同时进行时频双局部化多尺度分解,研究了气液二相流中液相流和泡状流结构的分尺度时域特征和分尺度能谱等统计特征,利用子波能谱分析的能量最大准则,提出了一种用子波变换自动识别气液二相流中泡状流结构的新方法。     

运动气泡近界面湍流场的激光测量及其湍流结构特性

运用二维激光多普勒测速仪,测定了运动气泡近界面的动力学特性,其中包括时均特性及湍流场结构.实验表明,尾涡区的时均流速呈非均匀分布,湍流场由双结构组成,即由完全随机的湍流涡及规律性的相干涡构成,这种双结构现象在尾涡的中心及边缘部又有所变化,其相关函数、谱密度函数及统计尺度亦随不同的部位而变化.泡前区受尾涡区周期性Karman涡脱落的影响,呈现相同频率的周期波动.这种特性存在于切向及法向速度中.     

用于风力发电的超声波测风系统设计

针对传统机械式测风设备平均无故障时间短、维护成本高等缺点,以GEMESA风力发电机组为对象,介绍了利用超声波测风系统替代机械式测风设备的技术及方法.并以微控制器为核心,开发出了一套超声波测风仪与风力发电机组通信的规约转化模块.试验结果表明:超声波测风系统能够提高风力发电机组的利用率与稳定性.     

基于最小二乘法的旋转风速仪误差校正研究

旋转风速仪测量误差会导致风电场发电机组发电量损失、电能质量下降。通过测量实验对比三杯式风速仪和超声波风速仪,得出误差产生的主要因素是3.5 m/s以上三杯式风速仪的"过高效应"。该文提出一种风速测量校正方法,基于最小二乘法对三杯式风速仪的测风误差进行校正,能有效减小风电场测风系统测量误差。     

Measuring the exhaled breath of a manikin and human subjects

Due to scarcity of accurate information and available data of actual human breathing, this investigation focuses on characterizing the breathing dynamic process based on the measurement of healthy human subjects. The similarities and differences between one breathing thermal manikin and the human subjects, including geometry and breathing functions, were thoroughly studied. As expected, actual human breathing is more complicated than that of the manikin in terms of airflow fluctuations, individual differences, and exhaled flow directions. The simplification of manikin mouth structure could result in overestimated exhaled velocity and contaminant concentration. Furthermore, actual human breathing appears to be relatively stable and reproducible for an individual person in several conditions and is also accompanied by some uncertainties simultaneously. The averaged values are used to analyze the overall characteristics of actual human breathing. There are different characteristics of the exhaled breath between male and female subjects with or without wearing a nose clip. The experimental results obtained from the measurement of human subjects may be helpful for manikin specification or validation and accuracy assessment of CFD simulations.     

Room Airflow Studies Using Sonic Anemometry

Abstract To ensure prompt response by real-time air monitors to an accidental release of toxic aerosols in a workplace, safety professionals should understand airflow patterns. This understanding can be achieved with validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) computer simulations, or with experimental techniques, such as measurements with smoke, neutrally buoyant markers, trace gases, or trace aerosol particles. As a supplementary technique to quantify airflows, the use of a state-of-the art, three-dimensional sonic anemometer was explored. This instrument allows for the precise measurements of the air-velocity vector components in the range of a few centimeters per second, which is common in many indoor work environments. Measurements of air velocities and directions at selected locations were made for the purpose of providing data for characterizing fundamental aspects of indoor air movement in two ventilated rooms and for comparison to CFD model predictions. One room was a mockup of a plutonium workroom, and the other was an actual functioning plutonium workroom. In the mockup room, air-velocity vector components were measured at 19 locations at three heights (60, 120 and 180 cm) with average velocities varying from 1.4 cm s^?1 to 9.7 cm s^?1. There were complex flow patterns observed with turbulence intensities from 39% up to 108%. In the plutonium workroom, measurements were made at the breathing-zone height, recording average velocities ranging from 9.9 cm s^?1 to 35.5 cm s^?1 with turbulence intensities from 33% to 108%.     

激光多普勒测速仪测量误差的估计和修正

用激光多普勒测速仪（LDA）测量紊流的平均流速时带有系统误差，迄今为止的有关理论研究是不完整的。本导出了一组准确的理论公式，即适用于有方向识别功能的LDA，也适用于无方向识别功能的LDA。章讨论了平均流速的测量误差及紊流度的测量误差，同时还给出了这些误差的修正方法。