金霉素添加于鸡、鱼饲料的残毒研究

用不同剂量金霉素添加于肉鸡、鲫鱼日粮,连续投饲30～32日,进行病理解剖试验。逐只采取血液、肝脏、胸大肌、胸骨,制成血清或组织匀浆,用微生物法测定其组织金霉素残留量。试验结果显示:鱼各试验组,添加期及停药后各组织器官均未见明显病理性改变,且各组织亦无金霉素残留。鸡试验组可在添加期及停药次日检出0.003ppm,仅胸骨为0.032ppm。鸡组病理解剖试验所见心内膜出血及脂肪肝,试验组及对照组差异不显著。试验组小肠粘膜上的二种类型的出血点,分别随停药时间加长逐日减轻至消失或加章.对照组为前后变化不显著,需进一步探讨。     

Effects of dietary probiotic supplementation on ileal digestibility of nutrients and growth performance in 1‐ to 42‐day‐old broilers

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary probiotic supplementation on the ileal digestibilities of nutrients and growth performance in broilers. Two thousand, eight hundred and eighty male broiler chickens at 1 day of age were randomly allotted to eight treatment groups and fed for 6 weeks the maize–soybean meal‐based diets containing 0, 0.2, 0.4 or 0.6% AgiPro A100® (a probiotic) and 0 or 6 ppm flavomycin (an antibiotic). This well‐established antibiotic was used as a positive control for the efficacy of AgiPro A100®. Dietary supplementation with either the probiotic or the antibiotic alone did not affect (P > 0.05) feed intake or average daily gain (ADG) of broilers between days 1 and 42 of life. However, there was a significant antibiotic × probiotic interaction effect (P < 0.05) in increasing ADG during the entire experimental period. Notably, dietary supplementation with the probiotic or the antibiotic consistently improved (P < 0.05) the ileal digestibilities of crude protein and most amino acids in 21‐ and 42‐day‐old chickens. Supplementing the probiotic to broiler diets also improved (P < 0.05) the ileal digestibilities of dry matter, energy, calcium and phosphate in the birds. Collectively, these results indicated that AgiPro A100® is an effective alternative to flavomycin in chicken production. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

豆粕粉碎粒度对肉鸡颗粒饲料质量及养分利用率的影响

选用直径1.5、2.0、2.5mm的3种规格的筛片对豆粕进行粉碎,得到豆粕的质量几何平均粒度分别为505.34、637.32、716.80μm,然后制成肉鸡颗粒料,比较颗粒料间的质量,分析粉碎和制粒过程中生产效率和单位产量电耗,并且进行代谢试验研究粒度对营养利用率的影响.试验结果表明:选用1.5mm直径筛片粉碎豆粕生产的颗粒料硬度和稳定度(PDI)均高于(P＜0.05)2.0mm和2.5mm直径组,但含粉率没有差异(P＞0.05).1.5mm筛片进行粉碎豆粕的单位产量电耗明显高于2,0mm和2.5mm直径组(P＜0.05),但制粒的单位产量电耗2.5mm组最低,2.0mm筛片组综合生产成本最低.1.5mm和2.0mm筛片组CP的代谢率显著高于2.5mm筛片组(P＜0.05).豆粕粉碎粒度对肉鸡的OM、DM、GE代谢率和代谢能(ME)均没有影响(P＞0.05).孔径为2.0mm的筛片为生产粒径为3.2mm的肉鸡颗粒料的最佳筛片筛孔孔径.     

Chemical composition,antinutritional constituents,precaecal crude protein and amino acid digestibility in three unconventional tropical legumes in broilers

Three tropical crop seeds, namely Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Mucuna pruriens and Centrosema pubescens, were assessed for their contents of chemical constituents, antinutritional factors (ANFs), crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) digestibility. Their meals were incorporated into broiler diets in place of maize starch at two levels (150 and 300 g kg^?1). Four hundred and twenty 1‐day‐old broilers were randomly assigned to seven experimental diets on a weight basis and used to determine CP and AA digestibility in the diets and seeds, and performance of the birds. The CP contents were 237, 278 and 252 g kg^?1 DM in E. cyclocarpum, M. pruriens and C. pubescens, respectively. Compared to the basal diet, the digestibility of CP and AAs in the diets and seeds was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced at higher level of inclusion of E. cyclocarpum and M. pruriens but increased at higher C. pubescens inclusion. Digestibility of arginine, threonine and lysine in the C. pubescens meal diets was similar to that in the basal diet. Digestibility values of CP and AAs were least in E. cyclocarpum. Aspartic acid was the least and glutamic acid the most digested AA in all the seeds. Among the essential AAs, threonine was the least digested AA, while leucine (in E. cyclocarpum and M. pruriens) and lysine (in C. pubescens) had the highest digestibility with values of 65, 73 and 72%, respectively. Feed intake, body weights and weight gain in the birds were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in the E. cyclocarpum and M. pruriens diets but increased in the C. pubescens diets compared to the basal diet. Results of the study suggest that, based on the CP content and AA profiles in the seeds, they have potential for poultry feeding. The presence of ANFs, especially in E. cyclocarpum and M. pruriens, however, could be a major limitation in their use in poultry feeding. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Enzyme supplements in broiler chicken diets: in vitro and in vivo effects on bacterial growth

Increasing the growth performance of broiler chickens by supplementing their diets with exogenous enzymes can also contribute to positive changes in gut health. In this respect the growth of various bacteria normally associated with the gastrointestinal tract of poultry was assessed in vitro using a medium containing arabinoxylan, β‐glucan, guar gum and raffinose and their corresponding enzymes. Overall, enzymes releasing the largest amounts of free sugars yielded the largest increase in bacterial numbers. Accordingly, β‐glucan and raffinose treated with their respective enzymes promoted the largest number of bacterial types, reaching a minimum of 1.0 log₁₀ population within 6 h at 40 °C. A broiler chicken growth trial was also conducted using wheat‐, barley‐ and corn‐based diets with and without enzyme and probiotic addition. Escherichia coli, coliforms, enterococci and aerobic and anaerobic sporeformers were monitored for growth in both the caecum and ileum. Enzyme supplementation reduced E. coli levels in the caecum of broilers fed wheat‐ or corn‐based diets. A further reduction in E. coli numbers was observed in broilers fed the same diets supplemented with a combination of enzyme and probiotic. Enzyme supplementation had much less of an effect on microbial populations in the ileum. Inclusion of probiotics reduced E. coli levels in the caecum and ileum but only in broilers fed wheat‐ and corn‐based diets. Anaerobic spore levels in the ileum increased in all diets containing probiotic. Overall, inclusion of enzymes or probiotics exhibited mixed effects on gut bacteria, depending on the nature of the carbohydrate source and enzyme. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

蛋白酶钝化对黄羽肉鸡腌制品质的影响

为研究钝酶对黄羽肉鸡原料肉腌制特性的影响,以黄羽肉鸡原料肉为研究对象,以热鲜鸡和预冷鸡为对照,测定黄羽肉鸡原料肉腌制后盐分扩散能力(咸味)、鲜味、持水性(蒸煮损失率、离心损失率和水合能力)、水分分布、质构(硬度、咀嚼性、弹性和胶黏性)和肌肉微观结构的变化。结果表明:钝酶鸡肉的盐分扩散能力介于预冷鸡和热鲜鸡之间,但是鲜味最高;腌制处理后钝酶鸡肉的蒸煮损失率和离心损失率显著减小,水合能力增大,进一步分析发现可能是钝酶鸡肉结合水和不易流动水迁移率较低,提高了其持水性;钝酶鸡肉腌制后的硬度和咀嚼性等显著高于预冷鸡和热鲜鸡,肌纤维直径随着腌制液盐添加量的增加先减小后增大。     

屠宰过程黄羽肉鸡弯曲菌的定量风险评估

目的 检测屠宰过程黄羽肉鸡弯曲菌阳性率和污染水平,建立屠宰过程黄羽肉鸡弯曲菌的定量风险评估模型,探明其污染的关键风险点。方法 用传统分离鉴定方法和最近似数法（most probable numbers,MPN）定量法对屠宰不同环节弯曲菌阳性率和污染水平进行检测,接着运用描述函数对数据进行拟合,并采用@Risk软件进行重复性检验和敏感性分析。结果 弯曲菌阳性率和污染水平以活鸡肛拭环节最高（53.60％,1.8300 logMPN/m2）,其次为打毛和开膛环节（27.50％,0.5000 logMPN/m2和18.10％,0.0270 logMPN/m2）。根据函数拟合结果建立弯曲菌污染定量风险评估模型,蒙特卡洛（Monte Carlo）模拟分析显示肛拭环节弯曲菌阳性率和污染水平最高(52.92%,1.8896 logMPN),其次是打毛和开膛环节(27.46%,0.4680 logMPN和14.74%,0.4910 logMPN),各个模拟环节数值与分离鉴定结果误差较小（P<0.05）,表明模型具有良好的准确性;敏感性分析获得黄羽肉鸡屠宰过程弯曲菌污染的关键风险点为打毛和开膛环节,相关系数分别为0.77和-0.39,高于其他环节。结论 本研究以屠宰过程黄羽肉鸡弯曲菌为研究对象进行风险评估,成功建立弯曲菌暴露评估模型,且模型具有较好的准确性,同时揭示了屠宰过程弯曲菌防控的关键风险点,为黄羽肉鸡弯曲菌的防控和风险评估奠定基础。