TiC弥散强化铁基合金粉末的研究

ＴｉＣ弥散强化铁基合金粉末的研究吴军，王成国，孙康宁（山东工业大学）机械合金化是通过高能球磨使材料实现固态反应而合金化的一种方法。它是６０年代末期为研制氧化物弥散强化的高温合金而提出的［１］，近年来也出现了碳化物弥散强化材料的研究报道［２～５］。目前...     

纳米晶体Ni－P合金晶粒微观结构的研究

采用非晶晶化法制备出晶粒尺寸不同的Ｎｉ－Ｐ合金复相纳米晶体样品。利用Ｘ射线衍射技术分别对样品中Ｎｉ固溶体和Ｎｉ_３Ｐ的晶格参数随晶粒尺寸的变化进行了测试，发现在Ｎｉ固溶体纳米相中Ｐ的固溶浓度增大，约为平衡固溶度的１０－１５倍，形成超过饱和固溶晶格结构；在Ｎｉ_３Ｐ化合物纳米相中空位浓度增加导致晶格畸变发生，而且随晶粒尺寸减小晶格畸变程度增大。     

大塑性变形工艺制备纳米晶过饱和固溶体的研究进展

合金在大塑性变形过程中能够形成纳米晶过饱和固溶体,呈现出不同于传统粗晶材料的微观结构和独特性能。近年来,纳米晶过饱和固溶体的形成机制及其热稳定性已成为国内外的一个研究热点。综述了大塑性变形工艺(如机械合金化法、高压扭转法等)制备纳米晶过饱和固溶体的研究概况,着重讨论分析了大塑性变形诱导纳米晶形成和固溶度扩展的几种机制及其局限性,简要介绍了纳米晶过饱和固溶体的热稳定性及其影响因素,最后对该领域今后的研究方向做出了分析和展望。     

Impact of gypsum supersaturated process water on the interactions between silica and zinc sulphide minerals

Flotation recovery and selectivity problems have been reported in the flotation of fine sulphide minerals in gypsum supersaturated process water. In this study, the effect of gypsum supersaturated solution on the interactions between silica and sphalerite (ZnS) minerals was examined by observing deposition behaviour of silica nanoparticles on sphalerite surface using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Significant deposition of silica nanoparticles on ZnS coated sensor surface was observed in the gypsum supersaturated solution, indicating consequential slime coating of silica fines on sphalerite mineral surface. Substantial deposition of silica nanoparticles on SiO₂ coated surface was also observed suggesting strong homo-aggregation of silica fines in the gypsum supersaturated solution. The interaction behaviour between silica–sphalerite and silica–silica is mainly attributed to the high calcium concentration of the gypsum supersaturated solution. Similar deposition behaviour of silica nanoparticles onto ZnS or SiO₂ coated sensor surface was observed in 800 ppm calcium solution, which is similar to the calcium concentration of the gypsum supersaturated solution. Colloidal force measurement between a silica particle and a fractured sphalerite surface or a silica wafer surface by an atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed attractive van der Waals force between the mineral particles in both gypsum supersaturated solution and 800 ppm calcium solution. The high calcium concentration of the gypsum supersaturated solution induced the hetero-aggregation between silica and sphalerite, accounting for the observed decrease in flotation selectivity.     

Impact of gypsum supersaturated solution on surface properties of silica and sphalerite minerals

In some sulphide mineral flotation operations, the process water contains high concentrations of calcium and sulphate ions that exceed the solubility limit of gypsum. It has been speculated that the gypsum supersaturated process water would lead to precipitation of gypsum which could coat on mineral surfaces by either nucleation or coagulation, resulting in reduced flotation recovery and selectivity. In this study, a laboratory prepared gypsum supersaturated solution is used to represent the gypsum supersaturated process water, the effect of gypsum supersaturated solution on the surface properties of silica and sphalerite minerals was investigated using zeta potential distribution measurements, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Our results show that silica and sphalerite minerals carry identical surface charge (−10 mV of zeta potential) in the gypsum supersaturated solution at pH 10 although they are charged differently in simple electrolyte solution at the same pH. Needle shape gypsum precipitates are found in both silica and sphalerite minerals systems conditioned with gypsum supersaturated solution. The gypsum precipitates do not grow on the minerals surfaces but form in the bulk gypsum supersaturated solution. The heterocoagulation between the examined minerals and gypsum particles is insignificant in the gypsum supersaturated solution. It is the high calcium concentration in the gypsum supersaturated solution that has significant effect on the surface properties of silica and sphalerite minerals. The zeta potentials of silica and sphalerite in a 800 ppm calcium solution (similar to the calcium concentration in the gypsum supersaturated solution) are similar to those measured in the gypsum supersaturated solutions. Both silica and sphalerite minerals surfaces are indiscriminately coated with calcium. The surface coating of calcium results in the identical surfaces between silica and sphalerite minerals, and ultimately causes problems for the flotation separation of silica and sphalerite.     

Effect of polymers and media type on extending the dissolution of amorphous pioglitazone and inhibiting the recrystallization from a supersaturated state

Amorphous forms of crystalline drug are widely utilized for bioavailability enhancement of low solubility drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. Polymers have been found to be effective crystallization inhibitors for amorphous forms in solid states during storage or in liquid states during dissolution process. The dissolution and crystallization behaviors of these amorphous forms in the presence or absence of polymers are still far from adequately understood especially in different dissolution environments. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of polymers and media type on extending the dissolution of amorphous pioglitazone and inhibiting the recrystallization from a supersaturated state. Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVPK30), polyvinylpyrrolidone K90 (PVPK90), polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000), polyethylene-polypropylene glycol 188 (F-68), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were employed to understand these behaviors changes because these polymers were used widely. Three solutions including neutral water and phosphate buffer solutions (PBS, pH6.8 and pH7.4) were adopted as dissolution media to determine the behaviors changes comprehensively. In the presence of polymers, dissolution and solubility were extended to different degrees in three media. Polymers can delay the crystallization routes dependently of the medium type. Buffer salts in media reduced the dissolution and accelerated the crystallization process. Crystallization inhibition of these polymers was strongly dependent on the type and pH of media. HPMC displayed the strongest crystallization inhibition effects, resulting in the greatest degree of maintaining a supersaturated state that can sustain most effectively for biologically relevant timeframes.     

Assessing robustness of factor ranking for supersaturated designs

Supersaturated designs can potentially be a beneficial tool for efficiently exploring a large number of factors with a moderately sized design. However, because more factors are being considered than there are runs, the stability of the identified factors depends heavily on effect sparsity and the lack of highly influential observations. A helpful tool for the analysis of supersaturated designs is least absolute shrinkage and selection operation (LASSO), which is useful when the effects of many explanatory variables are sparse in a high‐dimensional dataset. To understand the impact of individual observations on the selected factors, the LASSO influence plot was created. This paper describes an application of this plot and its variants that can be used to identify influential points, increase understanding of the impact of individual observations on model parameters, and the robustness of results in analyses with supersaturated designs. These graphical methods can serve as a complement to other regression diagnostics techniques in the LASSO regression setting.     

磁化处理水防垢除垢机理探讨

近年来，磁化水用于热能动力设备防垢除垢的技术已被世界上越来越多的国家接受并推广应用。但是，对磁化水防垢除垢的机理，到目前在理论上还没有一个确切的解释。本文利用前苏联国家科学家所测出的水系磁化处理前后物理化学性能变化的一些实验数据，对磁化水防垢除垢的机理提出一些理论分析，与从事这方面研究的科学工作者们共同探讨。     

三峡水库坝身泄流超饱和复氧分析

高坝泄水时,高速掺气以及消能过程中水流的强烈碰撞,卷吸大量的气泡进入水体,在水体静压作用下释放空气溶入水中,导致水体中包括氧在内的溶解气体浓度常常超饱和,易引发鱼类气泡病,严重威胁它们的生存和繁殖.分析三峡大坝至葛洲坝水利枢纽河段的水质监测数据表明,在泄流期间溶解氧浓度基本都超饱和.本文结合三峡大坝泄流现状,分析了大坝泄流超饱和复氧的起因、导致超饱和复氧的影响因素、所带来的问题以及应采取的措施,对改善鱼类等水生动物的生存环境,实现生态水利目标,具有重要的学术意义和社会效益.     

Phase equilibria and thermodynamics of binary copper systems with 3d-metals. II. The copper-vanadium system

Thermodynamic assessment of the Cu-V system was carried out using the CALPHAD method. The excess heat capacity of the liquid phase was taken into account in the model of its excess Gibbs free energy. Excess thermodynamic properties of limiting solid solutions were represented by regular solution models. A self-consistent set of thermodynamic parameters was obtained using data on the mixing enthalpy and information on the phase equilibria. The thermodynamic properties of the phases and the phase diagram along with its metastable extension were calculated using this set of parameters. The thermodynamic model of the system was used in order to predict the composition limits of formation of supersaturated solid solutions prepared by highly nonequilibrium methods of synthesis. __________ Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, Nos. 5–6(449), pp. 71–79, May–June, 2006.