曲面的第Φ_r-形式在广义Ⅱ-等距下的公式

给出曲面的第Φr 形式在广义Ⅱ 等距下的公式的概念.借助混变张量,得到曲面的第Φr 形式在广义Ⅱ 等距下的公式.     

Cis–trans isomerization of olefinic alcohols promoted by Rh(I) complexes

Homogeneous hydrogenation and isomerization reaction of cis-2-butene-1,4-diol has been investigated in ethanol by using tris(triphenylphosphine)chlororhodium(I), RhCl(PPh₃)₃, and triethylamine at 303 K and 0.01–0.1 MPa partial hydrogen pressure. Under reduced H₂ pressure, the geometric isomerization reaction occurs, to a high extent, leading to trans-2-butene-1,4-diol up to 93% selectivity at 90% conversion of the cis analogous. Effects of H₂ partial pressure as well as triethylamine, added phosphine and olefin concentrations on the rate of reaction and on the products distribution were also investigated. The results obtained can be interpreted on the basis of a proposed mechanism in which RhH(PPh₃)₃ is the active species. The high selectivity towards cis-trans isomerization of cis-2-butene-1,4-diol is attributed to steric factors of the Rh(I) coordinated triphenylphosphine groups.     

Evaluation of oxidative stability of canola oils by headspace analysis

Lipid oxidation is a major factor affecting flavor quality and shelf life of vegetable oils. Oxidative stability is therefore an important criterion by which oils are judged for usefulness in various food applications. In this study a method based on headspace analysis was developed to evaluate relative oxidative stability of canola oils. The method does not require the use of chemicals, involves minimal sample preparation, and can be performed on a relatively small sample size in comparison with traditional wet chemical methods. Canola oils freshly extracted in the laboratory from different seed samples were subjected to accelerated oxidation and analyzed for PV by standard methods and headspace volatiles by solid phase microextraction/GC-MS. Forward stepwise regression analysis of the data revealed a relationship between PV and headspace concentration of the volatile lipid oxidation products hexanal and trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal. The PV calculated using this formula correlated (R ²=0.73) with those measured by conventional methods. Presented in part at the 96th Annual Meeting of the AOCS, 1–4 May 2005, Salt Lake City, UT.     

Plastic fats with zero trans fatty acids by interesterification of mango,mahua and palm oils

Speciality plastic fats with no trans fatty acids suitable for use in bakery and as vanaspati are prepared by interesterification of blends of palm hard fraction (PSt) with mahua and mango fats at various proportions. It was found that the interesterified samples did not show significant differences in solid fat content (SFC) after 0.5 or 1 h reaction time. The blends containing PSt/mahua (1:1) showed three distinct endotherms, indicating a heterogeneity of triacylglycerols (TG), the proportions of which altered after interesterification. The SFC also showed improved plasticity after interesterification. Similar results were observed with other blends of PSt/mahua (1:2). These changes in melting behavior are due to alterations in TG composition, as the trisaturated‐type TG were reduced and the low‐melting TG increased after interesterification. The blends containing PSt/mango (1:1) showed improvement in plasticity after interesterification, whereas those containing PSt/mango (2:1) were hard and showed high solid contents at higher temperature and hence may not be suitable for bakery or as vanaspati. The blends with palm and mahua oils were softer and may be suitable for margarine‐type products. The results showed that the blends of PSt/mahua (1:1, 1:2) and PSt/mango (1:1) after interesterification for 1 h at 80 °C showed an SFC similar to those of commercial hydrogenated bakery shortenings and vanaspati. Hence, they could be used in these applications in place of hydrogenated fats as they are free from trans acids, which are reported to be risk factors involved in coronary heart disease. For softer consistency like margarine applications, the blends containing palm oil and mahua oil are suitable.     

反相液相色谱法测定(反)-4-环已基-L-脯氨酸和(反)-4-苯基-L-脯氨酸

采用反相高效液相色谱法分离和测定(反)-4-环已基-L-脯氨酸和(反)-4-苯基-L-脯氨酸.在选定的色谱条件下,(反)-4-环已基-L-脯氨酸、(反)-4-苯基-L-脯氨酸和杂质之间具有较好的分离效果.该方法具有操作简单、快速、准确度和精密度较好,对同一(反)-4-环已基-L-脯氨酸试样多次测定,(反)-4-环已基-L-脯氨酸的日内、日间相对标准偏差(RSD)分别1.55%和0.09%;(反)-4-苯基-L-脯氨酸的日内、日间相对标准偏差(RSD)分别1.94%和1.79%.(反)-4-环已基-L-脯氨酸和(反)-4-苯基-L-脯氨酸的回收率分别为99.80%~100.40%和97.28%~100.00%.     

小电流接地系统的新判据在检测工程应用分析

针对当前在小电流接地系统中,尤其是经消弧线圈接地的系统中,所装设的接地检测(选线)装置正确动作率不高的问题,根据系统的特点,对小电流接地系统的选线设备原理、采样误差等方面问题进行剖析,提出了减小综合测量误差,提高选线准确性、可靠性的措施。     

反式-2-烯醛类化合物和反，反-2，4-二烯醛类化合物在香精中的应用

本文介绍了C5-C13的反式-2-烯醛和反,反-2,4-二烯醛类化合物的性质和在香精中的应用。     

脯氨酸肽键数据集的构建

由分辨率<0.25nm,同一性(identity)<30％的2401条肽链中计算提取了全部顺式与反式脯氨酸肽键的位置,数目分别为1221个与26401个,从而建立了一个较大规模的脯氨酸肽键数据集。统计分析了该数据集的基本特征:肽键N端残基的分布、N端残基的二面角统计、在二级结构中的分布情况、顺式肽键在脯氨酸肽键中所占比例。此数据集对于进一步研究顺反X-Pro肽键的结构、与氨基酸序列之间的关系,以及肽链折叠动力学具有重要作用。     

Mass spectrometry for detection of 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) adducts with peptides and proteins

Despite the great technical advancement of mass spectrometry, this technique has contributed in a limited way to the discovery and quantitation of specific/precocious markers linked to free radical-mediated diseases. Unsaturated aldehydes generated by free radical-induced lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and in particular 4-hydroxy-trans-2 nonenal (HNE), are involved in the onset and progression of many pathologies such as cardiovascular (atherosclerosis, long-term complications of diabetes) and neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebral ischemia). Most of the biological effects of HNE are attributed to the capacity of HNE to react with the nucleophilic sites of proteins and peptides (other than nucleic acids), to form covalently modified biomolecules that can disrupt important cellular functions and induce mutations. By considering the emerging role of HNE in several human diseases, an unequivocal analytical approach as mass spectrometry to detect/elucidate the structure of protein-HNE adducts in biological matrices is strictly needed not only to understand the reaction mechanism of HNE, but also to gain a deeper insight into the pathological role of HNE. This with the aim to provide intermediate diagnostic biomarkers for human diseases. This review sheds focus on the "state-of-the-art" of mass spectrometric applications in the field of HNE-protein adducts characterization, starting from the fundamental early studies and discussing the different MS-based approaches that can provide detailed information on the mechanistic aspects of HNE-protein interaction. In the last decade, the increases in the accessible mass ranges of modern instruments and advances in ionization methods have made possible a fundamental improvement in the analysis of protein-HNE adducts by mass spectrometry, and in particular by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry. The recent developments and uses of combined analytical approaches to detect and characterize the type/site of interaction have been highlighted, and several other aspects, including sample preparation methodologies, structure elucidation, and data analysis have also been considered.