不可通约的现代性：18世纪英国不规则园林的自然观念

18世纪，英国园林形态从规则向不规则转变，是世界园林史中一次创造性变革，影响深远直至当代。该转变有如下解释：1)美学观念说，认为浪漫主义美学在园林范式转换中起主要作用；2)中国影响说，则倾向于从文化传播角度，认为中国园林是促使变革产生的外部推动；3)观念史学者洛夫乔伊首次基于自然观念转变结合前2种观点，视中国园林为浪漫主义早期形式。自然观念即同时代人对自然的整体认识。以观念史的方法，基于自然观念说调和并深化以上解释，通过分析17—18世纪自然观念的3个方面——自然法建构、自然的对象化和人的自然天性，讨论作为社会起源的自然，作为艺术模仿对象的自然，以及作为人类道德行为动机的自然天性三方面转变，阐述英国不规则园林的思想起源、内在动机和演进动力。

Incommensurable Modernity: Concepts of Nature inthe 18th Century British Garden

In the 18th century, the form transformation of the Britishgarden from regularity to irregularity was a profound creativityin the history of world gardens. The transformation has followingexplanations: 1) Aesthetic theory believes that Romanticism playeda major role in this garden paradigm shifting; 2) Chinese influencetheory holds another perspective of cultural communication, thatthe irregularity of Chinese gardens had played an external impetusfor the British gardens'' form transformation; 3) Arthur Lovejoydiscussed the concepts'' shifting of nature, and regarded the Westerninformation acceptance of Chinese irregular gardens as a dawn ofBritish Romanticism. This paper attempts to reconcile and deepenthe above explanations. By analyzing three concepts of nature inthe 17th and 18th centuries: the construction of the natural law as theorigination of society; nature as the origination of artistic mimesisand its objectification; and the nature of human as the originationof ethical behavior, this paper is to argue that the British irregulargardens had their own ideology, intrinsic motivation and evolutiondynamics, which is deeply rooted in the origination of early modernconcepts of nature.