Pulmonary defence mechanisms

Renal involvement occurs in the majority of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Contemporary therapeutic regimens for immunosuppression and for the treatment of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, infections, and seizures have likely contributed to improvements in the prognosis of these patients over the last four decades. Corticosteroids usually ameliorate the manifestations of lupus nephritis but achieve less complete and sustained remissions than do cytotoxic drugs. Among the cytotoxic drugs, pulse cyclophosphamide has one of the best profiles of efficacy and toxicity. Because each episode of exacerbation of lupus nephritis results in cumulative scarring, atrophy and fibrosis, we recommend continued maintenance treatment for 1 year beyond the point of complete remission of proliferative lupus nephritis. Studies are in progress to determine whether innovative treatment strategies will enhance efficacy and minimize toxicity associated with cytotoxic drug therapies. Lupus membranous nephropathy poses a lower risk of renal failure, but persistent nephrotic syndrome confers risks of cardiovascular events; this form of lupus nephritis is usually treated with less intensive regimens of corticosteroids, cytotoxic drugs, or cyclosporine. The prognosis and overall success of treatment for lupus nephritis seem to vary widely among geographically and racially diverse populations. The causes for the apparently worse prognosis and poorer responses to treatment of lupus nephritis in Black patients are currently unexplained and require further study. Until such data are available, caution is clearly warranted in extrapolating evidence, particularly about prognosis and effects of treatment, among different populations of patients with lupus nephritis.