Network design in realistic ?all-optical? backbone networks

Optical-bypass technology is finally being deployed in carrier backbone networks on a large scale. The reality, however, is that the resulting networks are not truly all-optical; all connections cannot be carried end-to-end solely in the optical domain. While a significant amount of regeneration can be eliminated through the deployment of new ultra-long-haul technology, a small amount is still required. We study the optical network design problem for realistic backbone networks, with a focus on the impact of regeneration