Utilization of waste cockle shell (Anadara granosa) in biodiesel production from palm olein: Optimization using response surface methodology |
| |
Authors: | Peng-Lim Boey Shafida Abd Hamid |
| |
Affiliation: | a School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia b Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia c Chemistry Department, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 407 Khartoum, Sudan |
| |
Abstract: | The cockle shell, which is available in abundance, has no any eminent use and is commonly regarded as a waste, was utilized as a source of calcium oxide in catalyzing a transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel (methyl esters). A central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the two major influential reaction variables: catalyst and methanol amount towards purity and yield of methyl esters. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the catalyst has a positive influence on purity but negative on the yield. Meanwhile, the methanol/oil mass ratio showed a positive effect on both purity and yield. Using CCD, the optimum reaction conditions were found to be 4.9 wt.% of catalyst and 0.54:1 methanol/oil mass ratio. The prepared catalyst was capable of being reused under the suggested optimal conditions. |
| |
Keywords: | Biodiesel Methyl ester Transesterification Cockle shell Palm olein |
本文献已被 ScienceDirect 等数据库收录! |
|