居贝特表面活性剂的合成和表面性质研究

以短碳链辛醇为起始原料制备了具有Guerbet结构的十六烷基失水甘油醚(Ⅰ)和具有Guerbet结构的十六烷基聚氧乙烯醚(EO)3的失水甘油醚(Ⅱ)以及它们对应的阳离子和两性离子表面活性剂(Ⅲ~Ⅵ)。Ⅲ~Ⅵ表面活性剂的结构如下:N-(3-支链十六烷氧基-2-羟丙基)-N,N,N-三甲基氯化铵(Ⅲ),N-〔3-支链十六烷基聚氧乙烯醚(EO)3-2-羟丙基〕-N,N,N-三甲基氯化铵(Ⅳ),N-(3-支链十六烷氧基-2-羟丙基)-N,N-二甲基羧酸甜菜碱(Ⅴ),N-〔3-支链十六烷基聚氧乙烯醚(EO)3-2-羟丙基〕-N,N-二甲基羧酸甜菜碱(Ⅵ)。通过硅胶柱色谱分离和重结晶,对所得6种化合物进行了纯化。用IR、1HNMR和ESI-MS鉴定了Ⅰ~Ⅵ的结构。并对Ⅲ~Ⅵ的表面张力进行了测定。结果表明,由于这些表面活性剂具有独特的Guerbet亲油基结构,使其具有较低的CMC(10-5~10-6mol/L)和γCMC(25~27 mN/m),有良好的表面活性和应用潜力。

Study of Synthesis and Surface Active Properties of Novel Guerbet Surfactants

The Guerbet alkyl glycidyl ether(Ⅰ) and the Guerbet alkyl polyoxyethylene ether(Ⅱ) were prepared by using short alkyl chain alcohol as the starting material.Cationic and zwitterionic counterparts of 2,3-epoxypropyl 2-(pentyl)nonyl ether(Ⅰ)(Ⅲ and Ⅳ respectively) and 1,3-pentyl-2,5,8,11-tetraoxaecosyloxirane(Ⅱ)(Ⅴ and Ⅵ respectively) were also prepared.Syntematic names of these four compounds synthesized are as follows:N,N,N-trimethyl-N-2-(penlyl)nonyloxy-2(hydroxy)propyl]ammonium chloride(Ⅲ),N,N,N-trimethyl-N-2-hydroxy-15-pentyl-4,7,10,13-tetraoxadocosyl]ammonium chloride(Ⅳ),{N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-pentyl)-nonyloxy-(2-hydroxy)propyl]ammonio}acetate(Ⅴ) and {N,N-dimethyl-N-2-hydroxy-15-pentyl-4,7,10,13-tetraoxadocosyl]ammonio}acetate(Ⅵ).Pure products were obtained by silica gel column chromatography and recrystallization in propanone solution.Their structures were identified by IR,ESI-MS and 1HNMR.The values of CMC and γCMC of the four surfactants have been determined.These surfactants have the relatively low values of CMC(10-5～10-6 mol/L) and γCMC(25～27 mN/m) owing to their unique Guerbet structure.They might be excellent surfactants for practical use.