Subsurface resistivity measurements using square waveforms

This work analyzes the effect of inductive and capacitive coupling between the injecting circuit and the detecting circuit in resistive field surveys. Theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that if a square waveform is injected into the soil, and synchronous sampling is used to sample at the flat zone of the detected voltage, then the effect of the interference is greatly reduced. Furthermore, square waveforms are easier to generate than sinusoidal waveforms, so they offer a new approach to subsurface resistivity measurements