Chemical composition of North American bee propolis and biological activity towards larvae of greater wax moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) |
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Authors: | K. S. Johnson F. A. Eischen D. E. Giannasi |
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Affiliation: | (1) Department of Botany, University of Georgia, 30602 Athens, Georgia;(2) Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 30602 Athens, Georgia;(3) Present address: Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, 321 Agriculture Bldg., 72701 Fayetteville, Arkansas;(4) Present address: TAES, Texas A&M University, 78596-6432 Weslaco, Texas |
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Abstract: | Bee propolis is a sticky amalgamation of plant resins collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and used in the hive for filling cracks and repairing combs. Propolis contains a diversity of compounds of plant origin, and is reported to have medicinal, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and phytotoxic properties. We examined the physical and chemical composition of North American samples of bee propolis from several sites in North America and tested for bioactivity against larvae of the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella L.), a common apiary pest. The amount of methanol-extractable resin in samples from Ohio and Georgia ranged from 24% to 79% by weight. Propolis collected from hives in Ohio was more chemically diverse (over 30 compounds detected by paper chromatography) than material from south Georgia (fewer than 10 major compounds) and contained a lower proportion of methanol-insoluble beeswax. The paper chromatographic surveys revealed little variation in the chemical profile of specific hives over a six-month period and no differences between propolis from adjacent hives. Four flavonoids were identified from propolis collected in Ohio: kaempferol, galangin, 3,3-dimethoxyquercetin and 3-methoxykaempferol. When mixed into artificial diet, fractionated propolis reduced larval growth of the greater wax moth, but not dramatically. An array of phenolics reported from propolis (caffeic acid, chrysin, ferulic acid, galangin, kaempferol, and quercetin) were bioassayed individually for effects on larvae, but none reduced larval growth at the concentrations tested, suggesting that wax moths are tolerant of some phenolics in their diet. |
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Keywords: | Galleria mellonella Apis mellifera Pyralidae Apidae Lepidoptera Hymenoptera greater wax moth honeybee propolis plant resins phenolics |
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