生物活性聚合物及其复合材料在骨组织工程中的应用进展

骨是世界上第二大需要移植的组织,每年至少有400万次手术使用骨移植物和骨代替材料。传统的治疗方法的局限性影响了当前的治疗选择,并且由于创伤、癌症、感染和关节炎引起的骨缺损现象不断增加,在临床治疗中对骨移植物的需求也持续上升。自体移植物和异体移植物是临床治疗骨缺损的常用方法,而慢性炎症、疾病传播和免疫排斥反应的发生阻碍了其发展。此外,金属材料支架也是最常用的植入物,然而同样存在着诸如应力屏蔽、感染和炎症等问题导致研究工作者期待新材料支架来代替它。因此,开发具有生物活性且能自适应展开填充的三维支架以促进骨骼再生已成为骨组织工程的重点关注领域。近年来,包括4D打印形状记忆材料的制造方法已被用于创造替代传统骨移植的新方法。本文主要综述了传统聚合物材料和新型形状记忆聚合物材料的种类、支架的主要制造方法、机械性能、生物相容性以及在骨组织工程领域中的最新用途,并总结了骨组织工程中4D打印技术的重要性、当前面临的挑战和未来的发展方向。

Development of bioactive polymers and their composite materials in bone tissue engineering

Bone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue in the world, with at least four million surgical procedures using bone grafts and bone substitutes every year. However, the limitations of traditional treatments have affected current treatment options, and the clinical demand for bone grafts has continued to increase due to the high incidence of trauma, cancer, infection, and arthritis. Autografts and allografts are commonly used in the clinical treatment of bone defects, but chronic inflammation, disease transmission, and immune rejection have hindered their development. In addition, metal-based material scaffolds are the most widely used implants, while there are also problems such as stress shield, infection, and inflammation, leading researchers to find new material scaffolds to replace them. Therefore, developing bioactive three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds that can be adaptively expanded and filled to promote bone regeneration has become a key area of focus in bone tissue engineering (BTE). In recent years, manufacturing methods including 4D printing of shape memory materials have been used to create new methods to replace traditional bone grafts. This paper mainly reviews the classification of traditional polymer materials and new shape memory polymer materials, the main manufacturing methods, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and the latest applications of polymer scaffolds in BTE. Furthermore, the importance, current challenges, and future development directions of 4D printing technology in BTE are summarized.