Experimental model of lead nephropathy. III. Continuous low-level lead administration

Currently used systems for red blood cell (RBC) collection and storage for transfusion have the disadvantage that the RBC 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) concentration is depleted within two weeks of storage, resulting in a left-shift of the oxygen dissociation curve and a temporarily impaired capacity to deliver oxygen. We have studied the effects on red cell metabolism, morphology and in vivo recovery of 49-day storage of RBC, with collection in half-strength citrate CPD (0.5CPD) and storage in an additive solution containing citrate, adenine, mannitol, phosphate and glucose (RAS2). Traditional CPD-SAGM was used for comparison. Component preparation was performed after an initial holding period of the whole blood at ambient temperature for 8 h. The BPG concentration in 0.5CPD-RAS2 RBC was 0.633 +/- 0.120 mol (mol Hb)-1 as compared to 0.454 +/- 0.138 mol (mol Hb)-1 in CPD-SAGM RBC which implied a decrease to 67 and 48% of normal concentration, respectively. The mean RBC BPG concentration was maintained at the initial level for 28 days in the new system but decreased to very low levels within 14 days in the controls. The total adenine nucleotides were well maintained in both systems, adenosine triphosphate slightly better in the new system. Hemolysis after 49 days was 0.35 +/- 0.21% in the new system and 0.72 +/- 0.25% in the controls (p < 0.001). The morphology was better maintained in the new system (p < 0.001). The 24-hour posttransfusion survival of 49-day stored RBC was 78.9 +/- 7.1%. The membrane leakage of sodium and potassium was not significantly different in the two systems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)