Transient Inclusion Evolution During Modification of Alumina Inclusions by Calcium in Liquid Steel: Part II. Results and Discussion |
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| Authors: | N Verma Petrus C Pistorius Richard J Fruehan Michael Potter Minna Lind Scott R Story |
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| Affiliation: | (1) Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Iron and Steelmaking Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;(2) formerly Visiting Researcher, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;(3) RJ Lee Group, Monroeville, PA 15146, USA;(4) Present address: Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland;(5) Department of Process Technology—Steelmaking and Casting, United States Steel Corporation Research and Technology Center, Munhall, PA 15120, USA; |
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| Abstract: | The formation of intermediate reaction products after calcium addition to aluminum-killed steel was studied. Steel samples
were taken from laboratory and industrial heats before and at various times after calcium treatment. Inclusions were characterized
by automated and manual scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis of polished cross sections and inclusions extracted
by dissolution of the steel. Industrial and laboratory melts containing more than 40 parts per million (by mass) of dissolved
sulfur showed calcium sulfide as the main reaction product after calcium injection, with calcium aluminates appearing later.
It is proposed that the calcium aluminates are formed by reaction between the calcium sulfide and the alumina. A laboratory
heat containing 7 parts per million of sulfur showed calcium oxide as the main initial calcium reaction product. A simple
mechanism is proposed for the modification of alumina inclusions by calcium, considering transient CaO and CaS formation. |
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