Economic-environmental energy supply of mobile base stations in isolated nanogrids with smart plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen energy storage system

The mobile base stations (MBS) are fundamental communication devices that ensure the constant stream of interconnectivity. However, they are mostly installed in off-grid regions. This study investigates the economic-environmental energy supply of a MBS in an isolated nanogrid (ING) that also includes a hydrogen energy storage system (HES), photovoltaic (PV) system, controllable plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) and a diesel generator (DG). A novel mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) formulation is proposed to capture the nonlinearities of the various components through a convex optimization model. The study included different uncertainties including the traffic rate of the MBS, driving schedule of the PEVs, and PV generation via a hybrid stochastic programming (SP) and robust optimization (RO) methods. The influence of the coordinated PEV charging strategy, risk-averse RO and multi-objective optimization was studied through various case studies. The outcomes show that coordinated PEV-charging can have a significant contribution in reducing the risks and curtailing both cost and emission objective functions, while using economic-environmental operation model can cut the emissions by 17.70%.