Invalid evidence for expectancies as causes: Comment on Kirsch.

Contends that shortcomings in the empirical evidence cited by I. Kirsch (see record 1986-13702-001) in his study of expectancy modification leave open to question whether the cognitive state of response expectancy is causally linked to placebo responses and fear reduction. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)