公共安全与低碳经济双重约束下的核能发展模式及路径研究

核能以其清洁、安全、持续、高效为人类提供了17%的能源供给。我国正处于工业化进程的关键时期,发展核能既是经济高速发展和能源安全的需要,也是保护生态环境、履行国际义务的需要。为了最大限度地保证核能安全、高效运行,各国都从技术研发投入,核能监管法制化、运作市场化,社会责任评估和风险预警机制以及公众宣传等方面进行模式创新。我国核能发展正面临着公共安全和低碳经济的双重约束,必须坚持"在确保安全的基础上高效发展核电"的方针,变"适当发展"为"积极发展"。需要改革核能管理体制;加大人才培养和联合研发力度;采取积极的产业政策,按市场规律盘活现有资金;建立社会影响评价和风险准备金机制;采取更为严格的标准重新评估所有核电站厂址安全,借鉴国际先进管理经验制定核电站的安全管理政策;评价和进一步加强在役及在建核电站的安全预警系统;做好公众核知识科普宣传工作,提高公众参与核能发展决策的意识以及对核事故的应急响应能力。

A Study on Modes and Routes of Nuclear Energy Development under Dual Restraints from Public Security and Low-carbon Economic Growth

With its clean,safe,sustainable and efficient properties,nuclear energy is currently supplying 17% of the world′s energy needs.China is now in a key stage of industrialization and developing nuclear energy is necessary because of the needs not only for sustaining rapid economic growth and ensuring energy security but also for protecting the environment and fulfilling China′s environmental commitments to the international community.In order to ensure a safe and efficient use of nuclear energy,countries have been working hard in strengthening technological research and development,institutionalizing supervision and management,adopting market principles for project operations,establishing social responsibility assessment and risk warning mechanisms,and raising public awareness.China′s nuclear energy development is facing dual restraints from public security and low-carbon economic growth and thus the principle of efficiently developing nuclear power while first ensuring safety must be followed.This will mark a change in nuclear power development strategy from "moderate" development to "active" development.Efforts should be made in the following areas: reforming the nuclear energy management system,strengthening the education of talents and joint research and development,adopting a vigorous industry policy,using existing funds according to market rules,setting up social impact assessment and risk reserve fund mechanisms,introducing more rigorous standards to re-assess the safety of all existing nuclear power sites,formulating nuclear power station management policies using advanced international managerial experience for reference,assessing and strengthening the safety warning systems of nuclear power stations currently in operation and under construction,and raising public awareness about nuclear knowledge to enhance their participation in nuclear energy development decision making and their ability to respond to nuclear emergencies.