Larval Coregonus spp. diets and zooplankton community patterns in the Apostle Islands,Lake Superior |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA;2. U. S. Geological Survey, Lake Superior Biological Station, 2800 Lake Shore Drive East, Ashland, WI 54806, USA;3. U. S. National Park Service, 2800 Lake Shore Drive East, Ashland, WI 54806, USA;4. Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA;1. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA;2. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA;1. New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Cornell University, 226 Mann Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;2. U.S. Geological Survey, New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Cornell University, 226 Mann Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;3. Cornell University Biological Field Station, 900 Shackelton Point Road, Bridgeport, NY 13030, USA;4. U.S. Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center, Lake Ontario Biological Station, 17 Lake Street, Oswego, NY 13126, USA;5. U.S. Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center, Tunison Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences, 3075 Gracie Road, Cortland, NY 13045, USA;6. Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, Natural Resource Department, 7500 Odawa Circle, Harbor Springs, MI 49740, USA;7. The Nature Conservancy, 101 Cesar E. Chavez Avenue, Lansing, MI 48906, USA;1. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States;2. USEPA Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, United States;1. Michigan Department of Natural Resources Fisheries Division, Marquette Fisheries Research Station, 484 Cherry Creek Road, Marquette, MI 49855, USA;2. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;1. Central Michigan University, Department of Biology, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA;2. Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, 7500 Odawa Circle, Harbor Springs, MI 49740, USA;3. Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians Natural Resources Department, 2428 Shunk Road, Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783, USA;4. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Charlevoix Fisheries Research Station, 96 Grant Street, Charlevoix, MI 49720, USA;5. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Oden State Fish Hatchery, 8258 S. Ayr Road, Alanson, MI 49706, USA;6. U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, 1451 Green Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lower Great Lakes Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 1101 Casey Road, Basom, NY 14013, United States;2. U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, 17 Lake St, Oswego, NY 13126, United States;3. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Lake Ontario Unit, 541 Broadway St., Cape Vincent, NY 13618, United States;4. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Lake Ontario Management Unit, Picton, Ontario, Canada;5. Cornell University, Cornell Biological Field Station at Shackleton Point, 900 Shackelton Point Rd, Bridgeport, NY 13030, United States |
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| Abstract: | With the exception of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), relatively little is known about the early life history of larval coregonines in the Laurentian Great Lakes. For example, our knowledge of the feeding ecology of larval coregonines (excluding lake whitefish) is based on only 900 stomachs reported in the literature. Here, we describe the diets and demographics of larval coregonines from ice-out to late July, and the contemporaneous zooplankton community, in the Apostle Islands region of Lake Superior in 2018. Exogenous feeding was evident among the smallest larvae (down to 6 mm). Percent of larvae with food in their stomachs increased and yolk reserves decreased as larvae grew from 10 to 13 mm. A majority of the diet (58%) was copepod nauplii, with generally positive selection for adult copepods and Holopedium. The patterns in exogenous feeding and yolk sac absorption were similar to observations in Lake Superior in the 1970s. Diets were also generally similar, although Limnocalanus, Holopedium, and zooplankton eggs were more prevalent in 2018 than the 1970s. Demographic data suggested at least two distinct cohorts and/or coregonine species in 2018. Post-hoc genetic testing of larvae in a parallel study suggested our samples comprised a mix of predominantly cisco (C. artedi), kiyi (C. kiyi), and bloater (C. hoyi). Early life history studies, when coupled with emerging genetic techniques that can identify larval coregonines to species, will provide a powerful combination to better understand population dynamics of coregonines at a time of ongoing restoration and rehabilitation efforts throughout the Great Lakes. |
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| Keywords: | Cisco Bloater Kiyi Diet Electivity Coregonines |
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