Contractile response of isolated human hepatic arteries to alpha-adrenoceptor agonists is not impaired in patients with cirrhosis

The endogenous opioid peptide dynorphin has been shown by immunochemical studies to be widely distributed in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to determine basal levels of preprodynorphin (ppDyn) mRNA in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract of the guinea pig. A modified sensitive and specific solution hybridization RNase protection assay was used to quantitate ppDyn mRNA, with confirmation by gel analysis of the RNase protected hybrids and PCR amplified cDNA. This method combines high sensitivity and sufficient throughput to analyze large number of samples in a single assay. Low but measurable amounts of ppDyn mRNA were detected in fundus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and rectum. The rectum contained significantly more ppDyn mRNA than the stomach, small bowel, and cecum. The muscularis/myenteric plexus layer of both ileum and rectum contained a higher concentration of ppDyn mRNA per microg total RNA compared to the mucosa/submucosa/submucosal plexus. However, a greater absolute amount of ppDyn mRNA (80-85%) localized to the mucosal layer. The greater absolute amount of ppDyn mRNA in the mucosal layer may indicate the presence of dynorphin in the endocrine cells of the mucosa.