A new experiment for investigating evaporation and condensation of cryogenic propellants |
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Affiliation: | 1. Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, USA;2. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA;3. NASA Glenn Research Center, 21000 Brookpark Road, Cleveland, OH, USA;4. National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA;1. School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Beijing 100028, China;1. College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, Hunan, PR China;2. Department of Energy Sciences, Lund University, Lund 22100, Sweden;1. Texas A&M University at Qatar, PO Box 23874, Education City, Doha, Qatar;2. Sustainable Development Division, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar;1. GTT (Gaztransport & Technigaz) SA, 1 Route de Versailles, 78470 Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse, France;2. Université de Lorraine, École Nationale Supérieure des Industries Chimiques, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (UMR CNRS 7274), 1 rue Grandville, 54000 Nancy, France;1. Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0022, Japan;2. Iwatani Corporation, R&D Center, Aamagasaki, Hyogo 661-0965, Japan;3. National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan |
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Abstract: | Passive and active technologies have been used to control propellant boil-off, but the current state of understanding of cryogenic evaporation and condensation in microgravity is insufficient for designing large cryogenic depots critical to the long-term space exploration missions. One of the key factors limiting the ability to design such systems is the uncertainty in the accommodation coefficients (evaporation and condensation), which are inputs for kinetic modeling of phase change.A novel, combined experimental and computational approach is being used to determine the accommodation coefficients for liquid hydrogen and liquid methane. The experimental effort utilizes the Neutron Imaging Facility located at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Maryland to image evaporation and condensation of hydrogenated propellants inside of metallic containers. The computational effort includes numerical solution of a model for phase change in the contact line and thin film regions as well as an CFD effort for determining the appropriate thermal boundary conditions for the numerical solution of the evaporating and condensing liquid. Using all three methods, there is the possibility of extracting the accommodation coefficients from the experimental observations. The experiments are the first known observation of a liquid hydrogen menisci condensing and evaporating inside aluminum and stainless steel cylinders. The experimental technique, complimentary computational thermal model and meniscus shape determination are reported. The computational thermal model has been shown to accurately track the transient thermal response of the test cells. The meniscus shape determination suggests the presence of a finite contact angle, albeit very small, between liquid hydrogen and aluminum oxide. |
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Keywords: | Evaporation Condensation Liquid hydrogen Neutron imaging Contact angle |
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