The finite element absolute nodal coordinate formulation incorporated with surface stress effect to model elastic bending nanowires in large deformation

Surface stress was incorporated into the finite element absolute nodal coordinate formulation in order to model elastic bending of nanowires in large deformation. The absolute nodal coordinate formulation is a numerical method to model bending structures in large deformation. The generalized Young-Laplace equation was employed to model the surface stress effect on bending nanowires. Effects from surface stress and large deformation on static bending nanowires are presented and discussed. The results calculated with the absolute nodal coordinate formulation incorporated with surface stress show that the surface stress effect makes the bending nanowires behave like softer or stiffer materials depending on the boundary condition. The surface stress effect diminishes as the dimensions of the bending structures increase beyond the nanoscale. The developed algorithm is consistent with the classical absolute nodal coordinate formulation at the macroscale.