Cytoplasmic expression of the leu-4 (CD3) antigen in developing Purkinje cells in the rat cerebellum

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a very common medical disorder among women, and is a chronic, recurrent problem for a cluster of sufferers. The factors involved in the aetiology of recurrent UTI are not adequately understood. Most research and treatment has focused on the influence of medical factors, although clinical impressions suggest that psychological factors (behavioural and personality variables) may play an important role. Evidence is reviewed for the involvement of psychological factors in the aetiology and treatment of recurrent UTI in women. It is difficult to draw any clear conclusions concerning the role of such factors in recurrent UTI, given the relatively small amount of research to date and a number of methodological issues. Suggestions for appropriate methodology and research concerning the interplay of physical and psychological factors are made.