Direct growth of MWCNTs on 316 stainless steel by chemical vapor deposition: Effect of surface nano-features on CNT growth and structure |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Semnan University, P.O. Box 35131-19111, Semnan, Iran;2. Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), West Entrance Blvd., Olympic Village, P.O. Box 14857-33111, Tehran, Iran;3. Occupational and Environmental Health Research Center (OEHRC), Iranian Petroleum Industry Health Research Institute (IPIHRI), Tehran, Iran;1. Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA;3. Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;4. Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy;2. Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy;3. Department of Management and Engineering, Università di Padova, Stradella S. Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza, Italy;4. Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milan, Italy.;1. Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy;2. School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;3. Department of Chemistry, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran;1. Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;2. Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;3. Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia |
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| Abstract: | Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were directly grown by chemical vapor deposition on as-received or pretreated 316 SS without application of an external catalyst. A detailed study of the size distribution of surface features formed by different steps of the synthesis process showed that the heating cycle and any complementary pretreatment may produce significant changes of the surface topography, thus suggesting that the influence of any primary characteristics of the original surface, as well as those caused by a pretreatment, should be assessed in conjunction with the effects of heating. Average lateral size of nano-features less than 60 nm (after heating) were shown to favor mainly the carbon nanotube growth while a larger features size was associated predominantly to the carbon nanofiber synthesis. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations suggest two different mechanisms for nanotube/nanofiber growth: (1) base growth mode caused by nanosized hills on the surface catalyzing the nanotube/nanofiber synthesis, (2) tip growth mode requiring substrate surface break-up as a preliminary step to form catalytic particles, with similarities to the “metal dusting” mechanisms. While untreated steel showed the best results concerning carbon nanotube coverage and homogeneity, oxidized-reduced samples showed an almost exclusive growth of carbon nanofibers with a full coverage. |
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