闭坑矿山的正负生态环境效应与对策

为了科学应对大量矿山闭坑后出现的环境问题，有效开发利用其采掘空间和地面设施及伴生资源等，做到趋利避害、化害为利，应用水文地质学、工程地质学、环境学和采矿学等理论，全面研究了闭坑矿山的正负生态环境效应，提出了有针对性的开发挖掘和预控治理对策。研究指出:闭坑矿山存在着形成劣质矿井(坑)水、污染地下水与地表水、危害城乡供水、造成地表二次塌陷与山体滑坡、影响高层建筑地基稳定或致建筑物破裂等负效应;同时也存在着采掘空间可供农作物、石油、城市垃圾、工业“三废”储藏(存)与种养殖、汛期拦洪，也可开发为地下科技原位试验场、军事防御工程、疗养院、地下城市以及旅游、科教、休闲场所、光伏发电站等，还可以利用势能差与电价差发电以及开采地热、煤层气、水等伴生资源与开发利用所属土地、地面建筑等正效应。提出了诸如做好收尾地测工作、采掘资料归档、开展专题研究与生态环境监测、防治地质灾害与环境污染、加强相邻生产矿井防治水工作、制定规范闭坑矿山开发利用的相关法规和技术标准、结合当地经济发展、多渠道融资以及在开发挖掘闭坑矿山生态环境正效应时应采取合理措施避免出现新的负生态环境效应等主要对策与建议。

Positive and negative environmental effects of closed mines and its countermeasures

In order to scientifically address the environmental problems,effectively develop and utilize the drivaged roadways,the mined space,the ground facilities and the associated resources after closing a huge amount of mines,based on applied hydrogeology,engineering geology,environmental science and mining science,the positive and negative environmental effects of closed mines have been comprehensively studied,also the targeted development and utilization and the countermeasures have been presented to draw on advantages and avoid harms.The research shows that the closed mines will lead to negative environmental effects including inferior coal mine water,groundwater and surface water pollution,harm of urban and rural water supply,secondary collapse and landslide of surface,influencing the stability of the high-rise building foundation,and building rupture.However,the closed mines also bring about positive impacts on storing crops,oil,municipal waste,and industrial “three wastes”,planting,breeding,and controlling flood in flood season.Meanwhile,the closed mines can also be developed to be utilized as underground in-situ testing ground,military defense,sanatorium,underground city,tourism,education,leisure,and photovoltaic power station etc.Furthermore,the closed mines are also employed to generate electricity by making use of potential energy difference and electricity price difference,extract geothermal energy,coalbed methane,water and other associated resources.In this work,the countermeasures and suggestions were proposed such as:continuously organizing geological work at the end period of mine life,archiving the mining data,carrying out monographic study,monitoring geological environment,preventing geological hazards and environmental pollution,reinforcing mine water prevention in adjacent mines,formulating relevant regulations and technical standards for development and utilization of the closed mines,combining with local economic development,financing in multi-channel,taking reasonable measures to prevent the emergence of new negative ecological effects in the process of developing and utilizing the positive effects of closed mines.