Supply modes for renewable-based distributed energy systems and their applications: case studies in China

Distributed energy systems (DES), as an integrated energy system with coupled distributed energy resources, have great potential in reducing carbon dioxide emissions and improving energy efficiencies. Considering the background of urbanization and the energy revolution in China, the study investigates the renewable-based DESs supply modes and their application in China. A new method is proposed to classify DESs supply modes into three categories considering the renewable resource in domination, and their application domains are discussed. A comprehensive model is given for economic and environmental evaluation. Typical case studies show that the renewable-based DES systems can supply the energy in a cost-effective and environment-friendly way. Among them, the biomass waste dominated supply mode can not only achieve “zero” carbon emissions but also “zero” energy consumption, even though not yet economically attractive under the present policy and market conditions. Thus, recommendations are given to promote the further deployment of renewable-based DESs, regarding their supply modes, policy requirements, and issues to be addressed.