TiB whisker coating on titanium surfaces by solid-state diffusion: Synthesis,microstructure, and mechanical properties

The study demonstrates the feasibility of synthesizing TiB whiskers on titanium (Ti) surfaces by solid-state diffusion to form a hard and wear-resistant coating. The microstructural and mechanical properties of the TiB coating layer have also been investigated. The TiB coating was formed by the solid-state diffusion of boron (B) from a powder mixture containing amorphous boron, Na₂CO₃ powder, and charcoal (activated) powder. The diffusion process was carried out at various temperatures ranging from 800 °C to 1000 °C for various periods of time ranging from 1 to 24 hours. The amount of Na₂CO₃ in the mixture was also varied. It has been found that pristine and extremely fine TiB whiskers form on the surfaces of titanium, with the whiskers growing more or less normal to the surface. A maximum coating thickness of about 218 μm was observed for the pack diffusion conditions at 850 °C for 24 hours with 15 pct Na₂CO₃. The kinetics of TiB formation was found to follow the growth rates in bulk composites. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the coatings revealed the dominant TiB peaks with a very few TiB₂ peaks, with small intensity at higher temperature and time. The surface hardness of the coated layer increased to a Vickers hardness of about 550 kgf/mm² due to the presence of TiB whiskers in the coating. It is shown that pack diffusion of boron in the solid state is a simple and very effective means of generating hard and wear-resistant coatings on titanium.