Abstract: | 1. Effect of rare earth elements on the properties of steel2. Functions of rare-earth in steel2.1 Cleaning effect and modification of inclusion morphology(1) Deoxidation(2) Desulphurization and sulphide-control(3) Others2.2 Alloying effect and its interaction with interstitials3. Methods of addition of rare-earth elements in steelmaking4. Blockade of ladle nozzle during teeming |