An avian influenza model with latency and vaccination

Avian influenza, caused by influenza A viruses, has received worldwide attention in recent years. The viruses can spread from birds to humans as well as transmit among human hosts. In this study, we formulate a mathematical model for avian influenza that includes bird-human interaction and that incorporates the effects of infection latency and human vaccination. We investigate the essential dynamics of the model through an equilibrium analysis. Meanwhile, we explore effective vaccination strategy to control avian influenza outbreaks using optimal control theory. Our results indicate that strategically deployed human vaccination can significantly reduce the numbers of exposed and infectious people.