Crystal structure and surface species of CuFe2O4 spinel catalysts in steam reforming of dimethyl ether

The application of catalytic ozonation processes for the decolourisation and mineralisation of coloured aqueous solutions was studied. One acid azo dye, CI Acid Blue 113, and two reactive dyes, CI Reactive Yellow 3 and CI Reactive Blue 5, with azo and anthraquinone chromophores, respectively, were used as representative textile dyes. The catalytic activities of activated carbon, cerium oxide and a ceria-activated carbon composite were evaluated in the removal of the selected dyes. In all cases, with an initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L, a complete decolourisation was achieved by single ozonation in short reaction times (less than 10 min). The ceria-activated carbon composite allowed the highest removal of total organic carbon. For dye concentrations of 50 mg/L, mineralisation degrees of 100%, 98% and 97% were achieved with the composite after 2 h of reaction, respectively for CI Reactive Blue 5, CI Acid Blue 113 and CI Reactive Yellow 3. The activity of the catalyst containing cerium was affected by the presence of carbonate and bicarbonate ions due to their scavenging effect towards hydroxyl radicals; for example the mineralisation degree of CI Reactive Blue 5 (C₀ = 300 mg/L) after 120 min of reaction was only 63%, contrasting with the value of 85% obtained in the absence of carbonates. All the catalytic systems were evaluated in the treatment of textile effluents, collected before or after conventional biological treatment. Catalytic ozonation was proven to be effective when used as tertiary treatment for bio-treated effluents.