结晶肥在烟草生产中的应用研究

连续4年在大田和盆钵试验条件下,进行了结晶肥与烟草专用复肥(简称复肥)对烟草肥效及其在土壤中释放动态的研究,以及对土壤微生物数量、氨的挥发、速效氮素动态等影响的研究。结果表明,施肥后1~20d内结晶肥比复肥平均每天减少氨挥发0.70~0.86mg/盆;前者无土表"结霜"现象,后者随土壤水分散失有明显的土表"结霜"现象。与复肥比,结晶肥能增加土壤细菌数量数10倍且持续1月余,养分释放动态与烟草的营养阶段性相吻合。烟草团棵时,结晶肥比复肥处理显著增加鲜叶内NO₃-N含量及烟株根系氧化力,对叶绿素含量和光合速率也有增加趋势。从田间试验可以看出,因肥料损失少,用氮量相等时,结晶肥增产从1996年的17.9%增加到1997年的20.3%;从1998年的18.7%增加到1999年的25.3%。降低N、P、K三要素用量各25%后与各自的复肥对照处理相比,芜湖点3年分别增产9.9%、14.3%、11.4%;五峰点增产7.6%(牛庄,1998)、8.6%(茅坪,1998)、10.8%(湾潭,1999)。用氮量相等时,结晶肥增值14.8%(1996)~32.9%(1997);23.2%(1998)~27.6%(1999)。降低三要素用量各25%后与各自的复肥对照相比,芜湖点3年分别增14.4%,24.6%,10.9%。五峰点可增值11.2%(牛庄,1998)、10.1%(湾潭,1999)、19.1%(茅坪,1998).结晶肥能降低施肥用量,提高肥料利用率,具有明显的增产及改善烟叶品质的效果。另外,NO₃-N在高山区流失较多,对烟草的增产增值效果不及等量的结晶肥效果明显。 

The efficiency of crystal organic fertilizer in tobacco cultivation and its behavior in soil

The comparison of efficiency of crystal organic fertilizer and common compound fertilizer in the tobacco field was conducted here including the soil microbiologic number, volatiligiation of NH₃ and available nutrient releasing trends. Pan and field experiment results showed that there wasn't "salt efflorescence" on the soil face of the organic fertilizer treatment but "salt efflorescence" was very obvious on the soil face of the compound fertilizer treatment. During applying fertilizer 1~20 days the volatiligtion of NH₃ reduced 0.70-0.86mg/(d. pan). Field experiment results showed that compared with the common compound fertilizer (10-6-21, speacial used for tobacco), the organic fertilizer could increase soil microbiologic number 30-50 times more than the compound fertilizer treatment and last more than 1 month. Available mutrient releasing trend coincided with the absorbing character of different stage tobacco plant. At tobacco trans-planted 30 days (30 days after applying fertilizer) the organic fertilizer treatment could increase the consistency of chlorophyll, NO₃-N and photosynthetic intensity in the green leaves and strengthen the oxidizing force of tobacco roots. Compared with the conpound fertilizer (same N rate), the crystal organic fertilizer increases tobacco leaf yield by 17.9%-20.3% (in Wuhu of Anhui Proveince 1996-1997) and 18.7%-25.3% (in Wufeng of Hubei Proveince 1998-1999). Compared with conpound fertilizer (equal N rate), the crystal organic fertilizer increases tobacco leaf yield value by 14.8%-32.9% (in Wuhu of Anhui Proveince 1996-1997)and 23.2%-27.6% (in Wufeng of Hubei Province 1998-1999). Because fertilizer loss was reduced, the fertilizer supplying level could be sharply dropped,75% of the organic fertilizer still increased yield by 14.3%-11.4% (in Wuhu of Anhui Proveince 1996-1997) and 7.6%-10.8% (in Wufeng of Hubei Proveince 1998-1999) and yield value increased by 14.4%-10.9% (in Wuhu of Anhui Proveince 1996-1997),10.1%-19.1% (in Wufeng of Hubei Proveince 1998-1999) compared with the compound fertilizer (100% N rate) and difference was significant at 5% level.