Summation of random and residual systematic components of errors in direct measurements

Some universally adopted procedures for summation of errors in direct measurements are discussed. Conditions under which the methods applied yield noncontradictory results are stated. Practical recommendations for summation of random and residual systematic error components of direct measurements are provided. Translanted from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 6, pp. 9‐11, June, 1998.