Phase-pure TiO(2) nanoparticles: anatase, brookite and rutile |
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Authors: | Reyes-Coronado D Rodríguez-Gattorno G Espinosa-Pesqueira M E Cab C de Coss R Oskam G |
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Affiliation: | Departamento de Física Aplicada, CINVESTAV-I. P. N., Mérida, Yucatán, 97310, México. |
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Abstract: | We report on the synthesis of phase-pure TiO(2) nanoparticles in anatase, rutile and brookite structures, using amorphous titania as a common starting material. Phase formation was achieved by hydrothermal treatment at elevated temperatures with the appropriate reactants. Anatase nanoparticles were obtained using acetic acid, while phase-pure rutile and brookite nanoparticles were obtained with hydrochloric acid at a different concentration. The nanomaterials were characterized using x-ray diffraction, UV-visible reflectance spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. We propose that anatase formation is dominated by surface energy effects, and that rutile and brookite formation follows a dissolution-precipitation mechanism, where chains of sixfold-coordinated titanium complexes arrange into different crystal structures depending on the reactant chemistry. The particle growth kinetics under hydrothermal conditions are determined by coarsening and aggregation-recrystallization processes, allowing control over the average nanoparticle size. |
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