Carbonation of calcium-containing mineral and industrial by-products |
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Authors: | Ron Zevenhoven Anders Wiklund Johan Fagerlund Sanni Eloneva Ben In’t Veen Hans Geerlings Gert Van Mossel and Harold Boerrigter |
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Affiliation: | (1) Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409-0330, USA; |
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Abstract: | The use of carbon dioxide (CO2) and calcium-containing by-products from industrial activities is receiving increasing interest as a route to valuable carbonate
materials while reducing CO2 emissions and saving natural resources. In this work, wet-chemical experimental data was assessed, which involved the carbonation
of three types of materials in aqueous solutions, namely, 1) wollastonite, a calcium silicate mineral, 2) steelmaking slag,
a by-product of steel production, and 3) paper bottom ash (PBA) from waste paper incineration. Aims were to achieve either
a high carbonation degree and/or a pure carbonate product with potential commercial value. Producing a pure precipitated calcium
carbonate (PCC) material that may find use in paper industry products puts strong requirements on purity and brightness. The
parameters investigated were particle size, CO2 pressure, temperature, solid/liquid ratio, and the use of additives that affect the solubilities of CO2 and/or calcium carbonate. Temperatures and pressures were varied up to 180°C and 4 MPa. Data obtained with the wollastinite
mineral allowed for a comparison between natural resources and the industrial by-product materials, the latter typically being
more reactive. With respect to temperature and pressure trends reported by others were largely confirmed, with temperatures
above 150°C introducing thermodynamic limitations depending on CO2 pressure. The influence of additives showed some promise, although costs may make recycling and reuse of additives a necessity
for a large-scale process. When using steelmaking slag, magnetic separation may remove some iron-containing material from
the process (although this is far from perfect), while the addition of bicarbonate supported the removal of phosphorous, aside
from improving calcium extraction. The experiments with paper bottom ash (PBA) gave new data, showing that its reactivity
resembles that of steelmaking slag, while its composition results in relatively pure carbonate product. Also, with PBA no
additives were needed to achieve this. |
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