Cryptosporidium Log-inactivation with Ozone Using Effluent CT10, Geometric Mean CT10, Extended Integrated CT10 and Extended CSTR Calculations |
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| Authors: | Kerwin L Rakness Issam Najm Dave Rexing Steve Via |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Process Applications, Inc. , Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;2. Water Quality &3. Treatment Solutions, Inc. , Northridge, California, USA;4. AMS Water Treatment Facility , Boulder City, Nevada, USA;5. American Water Works Association , Washington, DC, USA |
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| Abstract: | The draft Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) contains Cryptosporidium log-inactivation CT tables (ozone-in-water concentration residual], “C” times contact time, T). Depending on water temperature, Cryptosporidium CT values that are listed are 15 to 25 times greater than CT values for equivalent Giardia log-inactivation credit. The elevated operating dose required for Cryptosporidium log-inactivation credit has the potential to increase disinfection by-product (DBP) formation (e.g., bromate). Calculating CT value accurately will minimize ozone dose, which will decrease operating cost and lower DBP formation, and at the same time maintain disinfection protection through implementation of scientifically based safety factors. Various methods are available for calculating CT value. The method chosen depends largely on the available information concerning ozone residual characteristics and hydrodynamic features of the ozone contactor, plus local regulatory requirements. Four methods are discussed in this paper. Each method can be used to calculate Giardia, virus, and Cryptosporidium log-inactivation credit. |
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| Keywords: | Ozone Disinfection CT Giardia Cryptosporidium Virus Regulations Extended CSTR Geometric Mean |
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