Synthesis of Brightly PEGylated Luminescent Magnetic Upconversion Nanophosphors for Deep Tissue and Dual MRI Imaging |
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| Authors: | Hongyu Chen Bin Qi Thomas Moore Daniel C. Colvin Thomas Crawford John C. Gore Frank Alexis O. Thompson Mefford Jeffrey N. Anker |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Chemistry, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering (COMSET) and Environmental Toxicology Program, Clemson University, Clemson SC, 29634, USA;2. Department of Materials Science Engineering, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering (COMSET), Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;3. Department of Bioengineering, 301 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;4. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, AAA 3107 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;5. Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smart State Center for Experimental Nanoscale Physics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA |
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| Abstract: | A method is developed to fabricate monodispersed biocompatible Yb/Er or Yb/Tm doped β‐NaGdF4 upconversion phosphors using polyelectrolytes to prevent irreversible particle aggregation during conversion of the precursor, Gd2O(CO3)2?H2O:Yb/Er or Yb/Tm, to β‐NaGdF4:Yb/Er or Yb/Tm. The polyelectrolyte on the outer surface of nanophosphors also provided an amine tag for PEGylation. This method is also employed to fabricate PEGylated magnetic upconversion phosphors with Fe3O4 as the core and β‐NaGdF4 as a shell. These magnetic upconversion nanophosphors have relatively high saturation magnetization (7.0 emu g?1) and magnetic susceptibility (1.7 × 10?2 emu g?1 Oe?1), providing them with large magnetophoretic mobilities. The magnetic properties for separation and controlled release in flow, their optical properties for cell labeling, deep tissue imaging, and their T1‐ and T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relaxivities are studied. The magnetic upconversion phosphors display both strong magnetophoresis, dual MRI imaging (r1 = 2.9 mM?1 s?1, r2 = 204 mM?1 s?1), and bright luminescence under 1 cm chicken breast tissue. |
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| Keywords: | upconversion nanophosphors magnetic nanoparticles capture and release deep tissue imaging MRI |
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