Optimal Nonlinear Distance Toll for Cordon-Based Congestion Pricing Considering Equity Issue

To enhance the image motion compensation accuracy of off-axis three-mirror anastigmatic (TMA) three-line array aerospace mapping cameras, a new method of image motion velocity field modeling is proposed in this paper. Firstly, based on the imaging principle of mapping cameras, an analytical expression of image motion velocity of off-axis TMA three-line array aerospace mapping cameras is deduced from different coordinate systems we established and the attitude dynamics principle. Then, the case of a three-line array mapping camera is studied, in which the simulation of the focal plane image motion velocity fields of the forward-view camera, the nadir-view camera and the backward-view camera are carried out, and the optimization schemes for image motion velocity matching and drift angle matching are formulated according the simulation results. Finally, this method is verified with a dynamic imaging experimental system. The results are indicative of that when image motion compensation for nadir-view camera is conducted using the proposed image motion velocity field model, the line pair of target images at Nyquist frequency is clear and distinguishable. Under the constraint that modulation transfer function (MTF) reduces by 5%, when the horizontal frequencies of the forward-view camera and the backward-view camera are adjusted uniformly according to the proposed image motion velocity matching scheme, the time delay integration (TDI) stages reach 6 at most. When the TDI stages are more than 6, the three groups of camera will independently undergo horizontal frequency adjustment. However, when the proposed drift angle matching scheme is adopted for uniform drift angle adjustment, the number of TDI stages will not exceed 81. The experimental results have demonstrated the validity and accuracy of the proposed image motion velocity field model and matching optimization scheme, providing reliable basis for on-orbit image motion compensation of aerospace mapping cameras.