Preparation of hydrogel capsules with thermoresponsive interpenetrating polymer network using concentric two-fluid nozzles

Hydrogel capsules in which shell was composed of thermoresponsive interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) of crosslinked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIAPM) and calcium alginate, were prepared using concentric two-fluid nozzles. To introduce different amount of PNIPAM into the capsule shell, the concentrations of the NIPAM monomer and the polymerization initiator were changed in a wide range and the characteristics of the resulting capsules were evaluated. Spherical and uniformly sized capsules were obtained under all conditions. Elemental analyses showed that the PNIPAM/alginate weight ratio increased with the increase of initial concentrations of NIPAM monomer and polymerization initiator and was proportional to the initial rate of polymerization. In addition, the thermoresponsive properties of IPN hydrogel capsule were measured at temperatures from 10 °C to 50 °C and the thermoresponsive volume change ratio was expressed as a function of the PNIPAM/alginate weight ratio raised to a power. From these results, the relationship between the experimental conditions and the amount of PNIPAM in the capsule shell was clarified, and it indicated the magnitude of volume change of IPN hydrogel capsules can be controlled by introducing the desired amount of PNIPAM in the capsules.