矿山环境污染与生态修复技术研究

采矿业为我国经济快速的增长提供了重要支撑，但其产生了大量荒地，造成了水污染、重金属污染、水土流失以及其他环境破坏，同时加剧了土地短缺。矿区废弃地复垦面积占退化土地总面积的比例为10%~12%，且恢复过程较为缓慢。金属矿山开采的废弃地往往金属毒性更大，缺乏大量营养物质，更难以恢复植被。目前对矿山环境污染的生态修复技术主要包括基质改良、物理修复、化学修复、生物修复等技术，国内大多采取基质改良和生物复合修复方法，并且对于矿山土地复垦采取交替复垦工艺和废石尾矿充填采矿法，及时控制环境污染和破坏。针对金属矿山尾矿的资源化利用，阐述了多种基质改良技术及耐受植物的筛选，因地制宜种植耐性大的优良植物，提高土地的使用价值。然而许多成果都还处于初步阶段，还未大规模地进行实际应用。为加快矿山废弃地的恢复利用，提出了几点建议，可为矿山生态修复研究提供参考。

Research on mine environmental pollution and ecological restoration technology

Although mining has provided an important support for China’s rapid economic growth，it has produced large amount of wasteland，resulting in water pollution，heavy metal pollution，soil erosion and other environmental damage，while exacerbating land shortages.The reclamation area of abandoned mining areas accounts for 10% to 12% of the total degraded land area，and the restoration process is relatively slow.Abandoned lands mined by metal mines are often more metal toxic，lack of a lot of nutrients，and more difficult to restore vegetation.Current ecological restoration technology of mine environmental pollution mainly includes the substrate improvement，physical repair，chemical remediation，bioremediation technology，domestic mostly adopt modified and biological matrix composite repair method，and take alternate reclamation technology for mine land reclamation tailings and waste rock filling mining method，timely control the environmental pollution and destruction.In view of the resource utilization of metal mine tailings，various matrix improvement techniques and selection of tolerant plants were expounded，and excellent plants with great tolerance were planted according to local conditions to improve the use value of land.However，many of the results are still preliminary and have not yet been applied on a large scale.In order to speed up the restoration and utilization of abandoned mine land，some suggestions were put forward to provide reference for the study of mine ecological restoration.