Effects of nanoparticle migration on force convection of alumina/water nanofluid in a cooled parallel-plate channel

Force convective heat transfer of alumina/water nanofluid inside a cooled parallel-plate channel in the creeping flow regime and the presence of heat generation is investigated theoretically. A modified two-component four-equation non-homogeneous equilibrium model is employed for the alumina/water nanofluid that fully accounts for the effects of nanoparticles volume fraction distribution. To impose the temperature gradients across the channel, the upper wall is subjected to a prescribed wall heat flux while the bottom wall is kept adiabatic. Moreover, due to the nanoparticle migration in the fluid, the no-slip condition of the fluid–solid interface at the walls is abandoned in favor of a slip condition that appropriately represents the non-equilibrium region near the interface. The results indicated that nanoparticles move from the adiabatic wall (nanoparticles depletion) toward the cold wall (nanoparticles accumulation) and construct a non-uniform nanoparticle distribution. Moreover, the anomalous heat transfer rate occurs when the Brownian motion takes control of the nanoparticle migration (smaller nanoparticles).