中央政府对城市公交建设发展的财政扶持政策——法国的相关政策演变综述及对我国的启示

一般认为,城市公交的建设发展是地方事务,相关支出不属于国家财政补贴的范畴,应由地方财政负担。这一认识正在发生变化。当前公交优先发展已经成为一些国家环境战略的重要组成部分,而在地方层面,公交的建设发展也常常突破既有的行政边界,成为跨地域问题,并且和产业发展、环境保护等其他社会经济问题紧密关联。我国政府在确立公交优先发展战略的基础上,也正在考虑设立中央财政专项基金的必要性和可行性,用以扶持引导地方的公交建设和发展。在此背景下,本文选取颇具代表性的欧洲国家法国为案例,考察回顾近40年来其相关政策的发展与演变,从三个发展阶段剖析政策演变的动机、成因及效果,阐述相关的措施和手段,最后总结出法国政策经验可供我国相关改革借鉴学习的方面,以期为当前的政府决策提供参考。

How State Government Allocates Financial Incentives for the Development of Urban Public Transport： Inspirations from the Retrospective Review of Policy Evolution in France （1976-2010）

The development of urban public transport used to be considered as a local affair so that it is local government but central government to provide full financial support. However, this understanding is changed recently. In some cities, the development of urban transport goes beyond the administrative scopes and becomes an interurban affair. Closely linked with the economy development, the protection of environment and other macro problems, it has become in some countries part of strategic policy at national level. In China, the state government has already considered the prioritization of public transport development as a national strategy, and is now thinking to provide financial incentives in order to push its implementation. For getting inspirations from the existing experiences, this paper develops a retrospective review on the relevant policy evolution in France, a representative case in which the state government has allocated financial incentives for local public transport development for about 40 years. This review will be undertaken through 3 periods of time between 1976 and 2010, focusing on the political intentions and goals, the forms and measures of the allocations. A summary will be drawn in the conclusion with some suggestions for the decision makers of Chinese state government.