一个容纳成长与改变的框架

位于波尔多城郊佩萨克(Pessac)的现代Frugés总部(QMF)在其建成数十年以后开始翻修。QMF创建于19世纪20年代,这50个供工薪阶层居住的单元房具有精炼的现代风格,以4种不同的建筑格调呈现。但居民很难接受设计师崇尚的机械美学,他们在入住不久就开始自行改建。虽然很多建筑师认为这是对QMF建筑的亵渎,但是另一些人却发现这是一个灵感的来源。1970年,Lima建筑了试验房屋PREVI,他把体现在佩萨克建筑中的活力和自由无序发扬光大,现在拉丁美洲很多非正规住房也具有这种风格。一群知名建筑师为居民设计了PREVI建筑的结构框架,具有自升、承担增长的荷载和随时间进行结构变换的功能,这在当代引发了人们对于十字小组和代谢派的讨论。几十年后,Chilean group Elemental在其设计的公共建筑方案中融入了相似的构想,其主设计师Alejandro Aravena把这个策略称为"以房屋形式建设基础设施"。本文对上述项目进行了讨论,并对它们带来的经验教训以及对于未来方案的潜在启迪进行了关注。PROLOGUEAtCIAM’sninthcongress,heldinAix-en-Provenceinthesummerof1953,AlisonandPeterSmithsonpresentedtheirGoldenLaneHousingProject,aschemeexplicitlyintendedtoofferananthropocentriccounterpointtowhatwasperceivedasthesterileauthoritarianismofAthensCharterurbanism.TheSmithsons’presentationincludedimagesbyNigelHenderson,theirfriendandassociate,whohadphotographedchildrenhappilyplayinginthestreetsofLondon’sEastEndslums.Henderson’simagesglorified‘lifeaslived’,beautifulandrichinitsunpolishedreality,anelementtheSmithsonsandtheirlike-mindedcolleaguesamongst‘TeamX’foundlackinginAthensCharterurbanism’sreductivecharacterizationofthecityintermsoffourfunctions—dwelling,work,recreation,andcirculation.ForTeamX,thefieldsofsociology,anthropology,andecologywereofcriticalimportancetothepracticeofarchitectureandurbanism,andtheseconcernsledthemtoidealisticallyassertthat"lifefallsthroughthenetofthefourfunctions"(Smithson1991:9).Withthisanthropocentricviewpointfocusedupon‘life’,therewasalsoarecalibrationofvaluesthatcalledforarchitecturalproductiontobefoundedupon"anexaminationofthewholeproblemofhumanassociationsandtherelationshipthatbuildingandcommunityhastothem"(Smithson1993:241).Itwasclearthatsocietiesofthepost-warerawereexperiencingmomentouschange,catalyzedbyincreasingmobility,acceleratingtechnologicalprogress,andthetransformationoftraditionalsocialstructures.Ifthedisciplinesofarchitectureandurbanismweretobefocusedonshapingenvironmentsinresponsetonew,emergentpatternsofdwelling,whatwereourcitiestobecome?The1960’s-70’sborewitnessradicalurbanproposals—designssuchasthoseofArchigram,theMetabolists,andConstantprojectedfantasticvisionsofurbanity,andonethemethatemergedamongstotherswasthepossibilityofamplifyingurbanenvironments’abilitytogrowandchange.Whileitisselfevidentthatallcitiesindeedtransformovertime,theseproposalsenvisionedarchitectureswhichactivelyengagedtheprocess.PeterCook’sPlug-In-City(1964)envisionedaframeworkwithmobilelivingpodswhichcouldbeinsertedanywherewithinanurbannetworkoftechnologicaltransformability.KenzoTange’sPlanforTokyo(1961)imaginedanimmensestructurespanningTokyoBaywhichwouldhousetenmillioninhabitants.Hisprojectwaspredicatedontheneedforevermorespeedandcommunication,andheimaginedthecityasa"livingorganismsubjecttoacontinuouscycleofgrowthandchange…aformoforganizationresponsivetodynamicpatternsofurbanflowandchangingfunction"(Ockman1993:325).AndConstant’sNewBabylon(1959-74)offeredavisionnotonlyofanalternativeurbanstructurebutalsoofanentirelynewsocialandethicalorder,onewhichwouldunfoldinamassivestructurespanningtheEarth’ssurface,andwithinwhichhumanitywouldliveinan

Life's Net: A Framework for Growth and Change